Explore the map of South Texas, it is a region known for its subtropical climate and diverse culture, spans from San Antonio to the U.S.-Mexico border. It is home to key cities like Corpus Christi, Laredo, and McAllen, with the Rio Grande Valley playing a crucial role in agriculture, producing over $1 billion in crops annually. The area is also a hub for energy production, with significant oil and natural gas reserves. South Texas’ proximity to Mexico fosters strong economic ties, particularly in trade, with Laredo being one of the busiest inland ports in the U.S.
Explore the map of South Texas showing counties, county boundaries, international boundary, state boundary, interstate highways, US highways, railroads, major cities, and major towns.
List of Counties of South Texas
County Name
County Seat
Population (2020 Census)
Land Area (sq. miles)
Founded Year
Region
Atascosa
Jourdanton
48,981
1,221
1856
South Texas
Bee
Beeville
31,047
880
1857
South Texas
Bexar
San Antonio
2,009,324
1,240
1836
South Texas
Brooks
Falfurrias
7,076
943
1911
South Texas
Cameron
Brownsville
421,017
891
1848
South Texas
Dimmit
Carrizo Springs
9,947
1,329
1858
South Texas
Duval
San Diego
11,157
1,793
1858
South Texas
Frio
Pearsall
20,306
1,133
1871
South Texas
Hidalgo
Edinburg
870,781
1,571
1852
South Texas
Jim Hogg
Hebbronville
4,838
1,136
1913
South Texas
Jim Wells
Alice
38,891
868
1911
South Texas
Karnes
Karnes City
14,710
749
1854
South Texas
Kinney
Brackettville
3,129
1,365
1850
South Texas
La Salle
Cotulla
6,664
1,494
1858
South Texas
Live Oak
George West
12,973
1,039
1856
South Texas
McMullen
Tilden
600
1,143
1858
South Texas
Medina
Hondo
52,338
1,325
1848
South Texas
Starr
Rio Grande City
65,920
1,223
1848
South Texas
Webb
Laredo
267,114
3,376
1848
South Texas
Willacy
Raymondville
20,164
597
1911
South Texas
Zapata
Zapata
13,889
997
1858
South Texas
Zavala
Crystal City
11,839
1,297
1858
South Texas
About South Texas
South Texas, a region that stretches from San Antonio to the U.S.-Mexico border, is known for its rich cultural diversity, subtropical climate, and economic significance. The region encompasses major cities such as Corpus Christi, Laredo, McAllen, and Brownsville, and includes the Rio Grande Valley, an area critical to both agriculture and international trade.
Geography and Climate
South Texas is defined by its proximity to the Rio Grande River, which forms a natural border with Mexico. The region covers vast areas of farmland, coastal plains, and desert landscapes. Its climate is predominantly subtropical, characterized by hot summers and mild winters, with average temperatures ranging from the low 40s°F in winter to over 100°F in summer. South Texas receives a mix of rainfall, averaging 20 to 30 inches annually, which supports its agricultural output.
Economic Significance
South Texas is an important economic region due to its strategic location along the U.S.-Mexico border. Laredo, for example, is the largest inland port in the United States, facilitating over $230 billion in trade with Mexico annually. This port handles almost half of all U.S. imports and exports with Mexico, making it a critical hub for both nations.
Agriculture is also a major driver of South Texas' economy, particularly in the Rio Grande Valley, where crops such as citrus, cotton, and vegetables thrive. The region produces over $1 billion in crops each year, supported by the region's fertile soils and access to irrigation from the Rio Grande. South Texas also has a growing wine industry, with several vineyards producing award-winning wines.
In addition to agriculture and trade, the energy sector plays a prominent role in the region's economy. South Texas is part of the Eagle Ford Shale formation, one of the most productive oil and natural gas fields in the United States. The region contributes significantly to Texas’ standing as the largest producer of oil and natural gas in the country, with thousands of wells tapping into these resources.
Cultural and Demographic Landscape
South Texas is a culturally rich and diverse region, heavily influenced by its proximity to Mexico. The population of South Texas is predominantly Hispanic, with many families having deep roots in the region dating back centuries. The cities of Brownsville, Laredo, and McAllen feature a blend of American and Mexican cultures, with bilingualism common throughout the area.
The region hosts numerous cultural festivals, including the Charro Days Fiesta in Brownsville and Jalapeño Festival in Laredo, which celebrate the unique cultural heritage of the region. These festivals are important social and economic events, drawing visitors from across the state and beyond.
Tourism and Natural Attractions
South Texas offers a variety of attractions that draw tourists year-round. South Padre Island, located on the Gulf of Mexico, is a popular destination known for its beaches, water sports, and eco-tourism activities. The island attracts nearly 4 million visitors annually, making tourism a vital part of the local economy.
The Padre Island National Seashore, the longest stretch of undeveloped barrier island in the world, is another major draw for nature enthusiasts. The area is a nesting ground for the endangered Kemp’s ridley sea turtle and offers opportunities for birdwatching, camping, and hiking.
South Texas is also known for its wildlife and outdoor recreation. Bentsen-Rio Grande Valley State Park and other wildlife refuges in the region attract birdwatchers from around the world, as the area is located along the migratory paths of hundreds of bird species. The region’s wetlands and coastal areas are also important habitats for various species of fish and marine life, supporting a robust fishing industry.
Challenges and Future Outlook
South Texas faces several challenges, particularly in terms of infrastructure, healthcare access, and education. Many rural areas in the region have limited healthcare facilities, and the region as a whole has a higher-than-average poverty rate compared to other parts of Texas. The border location also brings unique challenges related to immigration and cross-border security.
Despite these challenges, South Texas continues to experience economic growth, particularly in trade and energy sectors. The region's population has been steadily increasing, and its cities, especially McAllen and Brownsville, have seen significant expansion in business and educational opportunities. With continued investment in infrastructure and education, South Texas is poised to further strengthen its position as a critical economic and cultural region in Texas.
Geography
South Texas, a region that spans from San Antonio to the U.S.-Mexico border, is defined by its unique geographic features, subtropical climate, and diverse ecosystems. The area is one of the most dynamic and economically significant regions in the state, shaped by its proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, the Rio Grande River, and its role as a natural bridge between the United States and Mexico. South Texas encompasses several distinct geographical subregions, including the Rio Grande Valley, the South Texas Plains, and the Texas Coastal Bend. Each subregion has its own distinct landscapes, climates, and environmental importance.
Geographic Boundaries and Features
South Texas covers a vast area that stretches from the southern edge of the Edwards Plateau down to the mouth of the Rio Grande at the Gulf of Mexico. The region is bordered by the Gulf to the east, Mexico to the south and west, and Central Texas to the north. Major cities in South Texas include Corpus Christi, Laredo, McAllen, and Brownsville, all of which are key economic and cultural centers in the region.
One of the most important geographic features of South Texas is the Rio Grande River, which serves as both a natural border and an essential water source for the region. The river flows over 1,200 miles along the Texas-Mexico border before emptying into the Gulf of Mexico. The Rio Grande Valley, located at the southernmost tip of the state, is a key agricultural area, relying heavily on irrigation from the river.
Climate of South Texas
South Texas is characterized by a subtropical climate, with long, hot summers and mild winters. Average summer temperatures in cities like McAllen and Laredo often exceed 100°F during the hottest months of July and August, making it one of the hottest regions in Texas. Winters are mild, with average temperatures in the low 40s°F in the cooler months of December and January.
The region receives an average of 20 to 30 inches of rainfall per year, with higher precipitation rates closer to the coast and lower amounts inland. The coastal areas, including the Texas Coastal Bend, are more humid due to their proximity to the Gulf of Mexico, while inland areas experience drier conditions, particularly in the South Texas Plains.
South Texas is also prone to extreme weather events, including hurricanes and tropical storms that originate in the Gulf of Mexico. Hurricanes like Hurricane Harvey (2017) have caused significant damage to the coastal regions, leading to flooding, infrastructure damage, and economic losses. The hurricane season typically runs from June through November, with August and September being the peak months for tropical activity.
Subregions of South Texas
Rio Grande Valley
The Rio Grande Valley, often referred to simply as the Valley, is a fertile agricultural region located along the southernmost border of Texas. This area is one of the most productive farming regions in the state, known for growing crops such as citrus fruits, vegetables, and cotton. The Valley benefits from irrigation from the Rio Grande, which makes large-scale agriculture possible despite the region's relatively dry climate. The city of McAllen, one of the largest in the region, is a major center for commerce and trade, due to its proximity to Mexico.
The Valley is also known for its wetlands, which are critical habitats for wildlife, including migratory birds. The Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge and other protected areas in the region are important for birdwatching and conservation, as the area is located along major migratory routes.
South Texas Plains
The South Texas Plains extend from San Antonio southward to the Rio Grande. This region is characterized by rolling plains, mesquite trees, and thorny brush, and it is part of the larger Tamaulipan mezquital ecosystem that stretches into northeastern Mexico. The plains are home to vast cattle ranches, as well as oil and gas production facilities, particularly in the Eagle Ford Shale formation, which is one of the largest sources of shale oil in the United States.
Wildlife in this region includes javelinas, bobcats, and numerous bird species. The Chaparral Wildlife Management Area, located in the heart of the South Texas Plains, is a key area for wildlife research and conservation.
Texas Coastal Bend
The Texas Coastal Bend is a coastal subregion that stretches along the Gulf of Mexico from Corpus Christi to the mouth of the Rio Grande. This area includes barrier islands such as Padre Island, home to the Padre Island National Seashore, the longest stretch of undeveloped barrier island in the world. The Coastal Bend is characterized by sandy beaches, dunes, and salt marshes, with a climate that is more humid and temperate than the inland areas.
Corpus Christi, the largest city in the Coastal Bend, is a major center for oil refining, petrochemical production, and shipping. The Port of Corpus Christi is the largest port in Texas and one of the top ports in the United States by total tonnage, handling crude oil exports, agricultural products, and other goods.
The coastal ecosystems of South Texas are vital for marine life and migratory birds. The area is home to the endangered Kemp’s Ridley sea turtle, which nests on the beaches of Padre Island. Wetlands, estuaries, and seagrass beds in the region provide important habitats for fish and shellfish, supporting commercial and recreational fishing industries.
Natural Resources
South Texas is rich in natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. The Eagle Ford Shale formation, located primarily in the South Texas Plains, has been a major source of U.S. oil and gas production since the shale boom began in the early 2000s. Thousands of wells tap into these reserves, contributing billions of dollars annually to the state’s economy. The region's oil fields are vital not only for local economies but also for the overall energy supply of the United States.
Agriculture is another cornerstone of South Texas' economy. In the Rio Grande Valley, irrigation from the river allows for the cultivation of high-value crops, including grapefruit, oranges, and sugarcane. The Valley is one of the most productive agricultural regions in the state, contributing over $1 billion in annual crop production.
Environmental Challenges
South Texas faces several environmental challenges, including water scarcity, soil erosion, and the impacts of climate change. The Rio Grande River is heavily relied upon for both agriculture and drinking water, but it is increasingly threatened by drought, overuse, and international water rights disputes between the U.S. and Mexico.
Coastal areas are also at risk from hurricanes, rising sea levels, and erosion. Storm surges from hurricanes can cause widespread flooding and damage to infrastructure, while rising sea levels threaten wetlands and coastal habitats. Conservation efforts, particularly in protected areas like the Padre Island National Seashore and the Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge, are critical for preserving biodiversity and protecting ecosystems from further degradation.
Demography
South Texas, a region located along the U.S.-Mexico border, is defined by its unique demographic profile, deeply influenced by its proximity to Mexico, its rich cultural history, and its role as an agricultural and industrial hub. The demography of South Texas reflects a predominantly Hispanic population, with a significant portion of the population engaged in sectors such as agriculture, energy, trade, and tourism. Key cities in the region, such as Corpus Christi, Laredo, McAllen, and Brownsville, serve as cultural and economic centers, each contributing to the dynamic population of the region.
Population Composition
South Texas has a total population of around 4.5 million people, and it is predominantly Hispanic or Latino, making up more than 85% of the population in many counties. This is largely due to the region's historical ties to Mexico, as well as ongoing migration and cross-border relations. The Hispanic population is mostly of Mexican descent, with deep cultural roots that date back to the Spanish colonization of the region in the 18th century.
Counties like Starr, Hidalgo, and Webb are among the most heavily Hispanic in the nation, with over 95% of their populations identifying as Hispanic or Latino, according to the U.S. Census Bureau. In contrast, non-Hispanic whites account for a smaller portion of the population, typically less than 10% in many of the southernmost counties. Other racial groups, including African Americans and Asian Americans, make up small minority populations.
The cities in South Texas reflect this demographic composition. For example, McAllen, the largest city in the Rio Grande Valley, has a population of about 150,000 people, with approximately 85% identifying as Hispanic. Laredo, another key city and the largest inland port in the U.S., has a population of nearly 270,000, with 95% identifying as Hispanic. These cities, along with others in the region, serve as centers of Hispanic culture, politics, and economy.
Age and Household Structure
South Texas has a relatively young population compared to other regions in Texas and the United States. The median age in many South Texas counties is significantly lower than the national average of 38.1 years. In Hidalgo County, for example, the median age is around 29 years, reflecting a youthful population that is likely to continue growing in the coming decades.
Household sizes in South Texas are typically larger than the national average, with many families having multiple generations living together. The average household size in some areas exceeds 3.5 people per household, which is larger than the U.S. average of 2.6 people per household. This reflects cultural norms within Hispanic communities, where family ties are often strong, and extended families may live together under one roof.
Economic Demographics
The economy of South Texas is diverse, with key sectors including agriculture, oil and gas, trade, and tourism. However, the region faces significant economic challenges, including higher-than-average poverty rates and lower per capita income compared to the rest of Texas and the United States.
Income and Poverty Rates
South Texas has some of the highest poverty rates in the nation. In Hidalgo County, for example, approximately 30% of the population lives below the federal poverty line, which is more than double the national poverty rate of 11.4%. Similarly, Cameron County in the Rio Grande Valley has a poverty rate of around 26%. The region's lower median income levels are reflective of the larger economic challenges faced by the predominantly rural, agricultural communities in South Texas. The median household income in South Texas is significantly lower than the Texas state average of $63,826, with many areas in South Texas reporting median household incomes in the range of $30,000 to $40,000 annually.
Employment and Key Sectors
Agriculture remains a critical part of the South Texas economy, particularly in the Rio Grande Valley, where the fertile soil and subtropical climate support the cultivation of crops like citrus, vegetables, and cotton. Many families in the region rely on agricultural work, either as laborers in the fields or as part of the larger supply chain that supports farming operations.
The oil and gas industry is also significant in South Texas, particularly in the Eagle Ford Shale region, where oil extraction and natural gas production provide employment for thousands of workers. The Eagle Ford Shale, which stretches through South Texas, is one of the most productive shale fields in the United States, contributing billions of dollars to the Texas economy. The energy sector in South Texas helps drive job creation and investment in infrastructure, but the region remains susceptible to economic fluctuations tied to oil prices.
The trade sector is especially important along the U.S.-Mexico border. Laredo, in particular, serves as a crucial hub for U.S.-Mexico trade, with billions of dollars in goods passing through its ports annually. The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) has bolstered trade and economic ties in the region, making Laredo the largest inland port in the United States and a critical economic engine for the South Texas region.
Tourism also plays a role in the regional economy, with attractions such as South Padre Island, Padre Island National Seashore, and various wildlife refuges drawing visitors to the area. The Gulf Coast region of South Texas is particularly popular for eco-tourism and beach vacations, which contribute to the local economy through hospitality, dining, and recreational activities.
Education and Healthcare
Education in South Texas faces significant challenges, particularly due to the region's higher poverty rates and limited resources in rural areas. High school graduation rates in South Texas are lower than the national average, though they have been improving in recent years. However, many students still face obstacles such as limited access to advanced educational programs and higher education opportunities.
Institutions such as the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley (UTRGV) and Texas A&M International University play important roles in providing higher education opportunities to South Texas residents. These institutions are key drivers of economic mobility, offering degree programs in fields such as healthcare, engineering, and business, which are critical for the region's development.
Healthcare access is another critical issue in South Texas. The region has a shortage of healthcare providers, particularly in rural areas, where residents may need to travel long distances to access care. Hidalgo County and other parts of the Rio Grande Valley have some of the highest rates of uninsured individuals in the nation, with over 30% of the population lacking health insurance. The region also faces high rates of chronic conditions such as diabetes and obesity, which strain the limited healthcare infrastructure.
Migration and Cross-Border Demographics
Migration plays a significant role in shaping the demographics of South Texas, particularly due to its location along the U.S.-Mexico border. Both legal and undocumented immigration from Mexico and other Latin American countries contribute to the region's population growth. South Texas serves as a major entry point for migrants seeking work opportunities, family reunification, or asylum.
Many border cities, such as Laredo and Brownsville, have large populations of residents who engage in daily cross-border activities, either for work, education, or trade. This cross-border dynamic is a defining characteristic of life in South Texas, where cultural, familial, and economic ties between the U.S. and Mexico are deeply intertwined.
Cultural Demographics
South Texas is known for its rich cultural heritage, heavily influenced by Mexican and Spanish traditions. The region celebrates numerous cultural festivals, including Charro Days in Brownsville, which celebrates the shared heritage between Texas and Mexico, and the Jalapeño Festival in Laredo, which honors the region’s agricultural traditions. Spanish is widely spoken in South Texas, with many residents being bilingual in both English and Spanish, reflecting the deep cultural connections between the two nations.
The predominant religion in South Texas is Roman Catholicism, due in part to the region’s Hispanic majority. Catholic churches play an important role in the community, serving not only as places of worship but also as cultural and social hubs.
Climate
The climate of South Texas is characterized by its subtropical nature, featuring hot summers, mild winters, and variability in rainfall. As a geographically diverse region that stretches from San Antonio down to the Rio Grande and along the Gulf of Mexico, South Texas experiences a range of climatic conditions, influenced by its proximity to the coast, desert regions, and the Gulf. The region’s climate plays a critical role in its agriculture, economy, and daily life, affecting everything from crop production to energy use and tourism.
Temperature Patterns
South Texas is known for its hot, humid summers and mild winters. Summer temperatures are frequently high, particularly in inland areas. In cities such as Laredo and McAllen, average high temperatures in the summer months (June through August) often exceed 100°F (38°C), making South Texas one of the hottest regions in the United States. July and August are typically the hottest months, with daily maximum temperatures in these areas regularly hitting 105°F (40.5°C) or more.
Coastal areas such as Corpus Christi and Brownsville benefit from the moderating influence of the Gulf of Mexico, leading to slightly lower summer temperatures than inland cities. Average high temperatures in Corpus Christi during the summer hover around 92°F (33°C), with the Gulf breezes helping to mitigate some of the heat. However, humidity levels are significantly higher along the coast, which can make the region feel warmer than the actual temperature suggests.
Winters in South Texas are mild, particularly compared to other parts of the state and the nation. The average low temperatures in winter (December through February) range from 40°F to 50°F (4°C to 10°C) in inland areas, and rarely fall below freezing. In the coastal regions, winter temperatures are even warmer, with average lows closer to 50°F (10°C). This mild winter climate makes South Texas a popular destination for "snowbirds" (northern retirees who winter in warmer climates), particularly along the Gulf Coast.
Precipitation and Rainfall
South Texas has a semi-arid to subtropical climate, meaning that rainfall can vary significantly depending on the location. On average, South Texas receives 20 to 35 inches of rainfall annually, with coastal areas generally receiving more precipitation than inland areas.
Rio Grande Valley: The southernmost part of South Texas, including cities like McAllen and Harlingen, receives around 22 to 25 inches of rain per year. This region is known for its rich agricultural land, which relies heavily on irrigation from the Rio Grande to support crop production. The rainy season typically occurs from May to October, with June and September being the wettest months due to tropical storms and thunderstorms.
Coastal Bend: Cities along the Gulf Coast, such as Corpus Christi and Brownsville, receive higher levels of rainfall, averaging 30 to 35 inches annually. The proximity to the Gulf of Mexico makes this region more prone to tropical weather systems, which bring heavy rain, particularly during hurricane season.
Inland Plains: Moving away from the coast and toward more arid parts of South Texas, rainfall totals drop to around 18 to 22 inches per year. Areas like Laredo and Del Rio experience significantly less rainfall than coastal areas and are more prone to drought conditions.
South Texas experiences distinct wet and dry seasons, with the wettest months being June through September, largely due to the influence of tropical storms, while the driest months are typically from November to March.
Influence of the Gulf of Mexico and Tropical Weather
The Gulf of Mexico has a significant impact on the climate of South Texas, particularly along the coastal regions. Warm waters from the Gulf contribute to higher humidity levels throughout the year and influence the region’s weather patterns. Coastal breezes help moderate temperatures, especially in the summer, though they also increase humidity levels.
South Texas is highly vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes, particularly during hurricane season, which lasts from June through November, with the peak occurring in August and September. Hurricane Harvey, which struck Texas in 2017, had devastating effects on coastal areas, including parts of South Texas. The hurricane brought heavy rain, extreme flooding, and wind damage to the region, affecting both urban and rural areas. South Texas has experienced other major hurricanes in the past, such as Hurricane Celia in 1970 and Hurricane Allen in 1980, which also caused significant damage to the region.
In addition to hurricanes, tropical storms can bring heavy rainfall, leading to flash floods and agricultural damage. These storms are responsible for the majority of the rainfall that South Texas receives during the wet season, particularly in the Coastal Bend region. However, while they bring much-needed rain, these storms can also lead to significant flooding, especially in low-lying areas and regions with poor drainage.
Wind and Drought
South Texas is one of the windiest regions in the United States, particularly along the coast. Winds from the Gulf of Mexico are a constant feature of the region’s climate, with average wind speeds of 10 to 20 mph being common throughout the year. The prevailing wind patterns play an important role in shaping the climate, especially in coastal regions, where they help moderate temperatures but also contribute to higher humidity.
Drought is a recurring issue in South Texas, particularly in the more arid inland areas. While tropical storms and wet seasons bring much-needed rain, extended dry periods are common, particularly from late fall to early spring. Drought conditions can have serious consequences for the region’s agriculture, which is heavily dependent on both rainfall and irrigation from the Rio Grande.
In years when rainfall is below average, water shortages become a significant concern. Irrigation from the Rio Grande is essential for the Rio Grande Valley’s citrus and vegetable crops, and droughts can severely impact yields. Droughts also increase the risk of wildfires, particularly in rural areas with dry brush and grasslands.
Impact on Agriculture
The climate of South Texas plays a crucial role in its agricultural production, which is a key part of the region’s economy. The Rio Grande Valley is known as one of the most productive agricultural areas in Texas, thanks to its subtropical climate and fertile soils. The region produces over $1 billion worth of crops annually, with citrus fruits (particularly grapefruit), cotton, and vegetables being the main crops.
The long growing season, which lasts almost year-round due to the mild winters, allows for multiple crop cycles. However, the region’s agriculture is vulnerable to climate variability, including both drought and the heavy rains brought by tropical storms. In some years, severe drought conditions can lead to water shortages for irrigation, while in other years, heavy rainfall from hurricanes can cause flooding that damages crops.
Climate Change and Future Outlook
Like many regions around the world, South Texas is expected to face increasing challenges due to climate change. Rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events such as hurricanes and droughts are projected to have significant impacts on the region’s economy, infrastructure, and natural environment.
Sea level rise poses a particular threat to coastal areas like Corpus Christi and Brownsville, where increased flooding and coastal erosion could impact homes, businesses, and ecosystems. Wetlands and barrier islands along the coast, which provide critical habitats for wildlife, are also vulnerable to sea level rise and storm surges.
Inland areas are expected to experience more frequent and severe droughts, further stressing water resources and agriculture. The Rio Grande is already a heavily used water source, and declining water availability due to climate change could exacerbate competition between agricultural, municipal, and industrial users.
Economy
The economy of South Texas is a vital component of the broader Texas economy, shaped by its proximity to Mexico, access to the Gulf of Mexico, and a diverse mix of industries. This region, which includes key cities such as Corpus Christi, Laredo, McAllen, and Brownsville, has developed into a hub for international trade, energy production, agriculture, and tourism. South Texas is also home to a predominantly Hispanic population, which significantly influences the local labor market, consumer behavior, and cultural economy.
International Trade and Border Economy
One of the most significant drivers of South Texas' economy is its role in international trade, particularly with Mexico. The region's location along the U.S.-Mexico border makes it a critical gateway for cross-border trade, with Laredo standing out as the largest inland port in the United States. In 2020, Laredo alone handled nearly $230 billion in goods, accounting for roughly 40% of all U.S.-Mexico trade. This immense volume of trade is facilitated by the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA), which replaced NAFTA in 2020 and continues to promote free trade among the U.S., Mexico, and Canada.
Laredo is the primary port of entry for goods such as automobiles, machinery, electronics, and agricultural products moving between the two nations. Thousands of trucks and railcars cross the Laredo International Bridge daily, making the city a critical logistics hub not just for Texas but for the entire United States. Other key border cities such as Brownsville and McAllen also play essential roles in facilitating trade, particularly in industries like textiles, food products, and electronics manufacturing.
The maquiladora system—factories in Mexico that import raw materials duty-free and export finished products to the U.S.—further ties the economies of South Texas and northern Mexico together. Many Texas-based companies benefit from maquiladora operations, particularly in cities such as Matamoros and Reynosa, located just across the border from Brownsville and McAllen, respectively.
Energy and Natural Resources
South Texas is a major player in the U.S. energy sector, with significant oil and gas production coming from the Eagle Ford Shale formation. The Eagle Ford Shale, which extends across much of South Texas, has been a focal point of the U.S. shale boom since the early 2000s. The region produces millions of barrels of oil annually, contributing to Texas' status as the leading oil producer in the country.
In 2020, Texas produced nearly 4.7 million barrels of oil per day, much of which came from the Eagle Ford Shale. The formation also produces significant amounts of natural gas, which is crucial for the U.S. energy supply.
As of 2019, the Eagle Ford Shale was responsible for 15% of Texas' total crude oil production and contributed billions of dollars to the state’s economy through jobs, tax revenue, and royalties.
Corpus Christi serves as a key export hub for crude oil and liquefied natural gas (LNG), with the Port of Corpus Christi being one of the largest energy export ports in the United States. The port's strategic location on the Gulf of Mexico makes it a vital link in global energy markets, facilitating the export of U.S. oil and gas to international destinations, including Europe and Asia. In 2020, the Port of Corpus Christi handled over 100 million tons of cargo, much of which was energy-related, generating billions in economic activity for the region.
Agriculture
Agriculture is another cornerstone of South Texas’ economy, particularly in the Rio Grande Valley, one of the most productive farming regions in the state. The Valley is known for its year-round growing season, which is made possible by the region's subtropical climate and irrigation from the Rio Grande River. The area produces a wide variety of crops, including citrus fruits, vegetables, sugarcane, and cotton.
The Rio Grande Valley is a leading producer of grapefruit and oranges, with the region’s citrus industry contributing over $150 million annually to the local economy.
In 2020, agricultural production in the Rio Grande Valley was valued at over $1 billion, with cotton and vegetables being the top contributors. The region is also home to a growing organic farming industry, with several farms producing organic vegetables and fruits for both domestic and international markets.
Water availability is a critical concern for South Texas agriculture, as the region relies heavily on irrigation from the Rio Grande. In years of drought, reduced water levels can have significant impacts on crop yields and the livelihoods of local farmers. Efforts to conserve water and improve irrigation efficiency are ongoing, but water scarcity remains a long-term challenge for the region.
Tourism and Recreation
The tourism industry is another important contributor to the South Texas economy, particularly along the Gulf Coast and in the Rio Grande Valley. The region's warm climate, natural beauty, and cultural attractions draw millions of visitors each year, boosting local businesses and creating jobs in hospitality, dining, and entertainment.
South Padre Island, located on the southern tip of Texas, is one of the most popular tourist destinations in the state, attracting nearly 4 million visitors annually. Known for its sandy beaches, water sports, and vibrant nightlife, South Padre Island plays a key role in the local tourism economy. The island is also a hub for ecotourism, with activities such as birdwatching, dolphin tours, and turtle rescue operations being popular among visitors.
The Padre Island National Seashore, the longest stretch of undeveloped barrier island in the world, is another major draw for eco-tourists and nature lovers. The region's rich biodiversity, including endangered species such as the Kemp’s ridley sea turtle, attracts both researchers and tourists. The nearby Laguna Atascosa National Wildlife Refuge is also a key location for birdwatching, as South Texas lies along the migratory path of hundreds of bird species.
Inland, cities such as Laredo and McAllen benefit from cultural tourism, with visitors drawn to the region’s blend of Mexican and Texan heritage. Annual events such as Charro Days in Brownsville and Washington's Birthday Celebration in Laredo highlight the cultural and historical significance of South Texas, attracting tourists from across the U.S. and Mexico.
Challenges Facing the Economy of South Texas
Despite its economic strengths, South Texas faces significant challenges that could impact its long-term growth and development. Poverty rates in the region are among the highest in the state, with many counties experiencing poverty levels well above the national average. In Hidalgo County, for instance, nearly 30% of the population lives below the poverty line, compared to the national poverty rate of 11.4%.
Educational attainment levels in South Texas also lag behind the state and national averages, which can limit economic opportunities for the local population. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, only 16% of adults in the Rio Grande Valley have a bachelor’s degree or higher, compared to the national average of 33%. This educational gap contributes to lower income levels and limits the region’s ability to attract high-tech industries and advanced manufacturing jobs.
Additionally, healthcare access is a persistent issue in South Texas, particularly in rural areas. The region has a shortage of healthcare providers, and many residents lack health insurance. The Rio Grande Valley has one of the highest uninsured rates in the country, with over 30% of the population lacking coverage. This creates significant public health challenges, as well as economic strain on local healthcare systems.
