View the map of Andaman and Nicobar Islands showing all the districts. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, an Indian union territory, consist of over 570 islands in the Bay of Bengal, with only about 37 inhabited. Spanning an area of approximately 8,249 square kilometres, the islands are known for their rich biodiversity, including pristine coral reefs and unique flora and fauna. As of the 2011 Census, the population was around 380,000, with Port Blair as the capital. The islands play a strategic role in India's maritime security, given their proximity to the Malacca Strait, a crucial global shipping route. Tourism, especially eco-tourism, and fisheries are key components of the local economy.
Explore the Andaman and Nicobar Islands district map showing 3 districts, district headquarters and this union territory capital.
List of Districts of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands
Code
District
Headquarters
Population (2011)
Area (km²)
Density (/km²)
NI
Nicobar
Car Nicobar
36,819
1,841
20
NA
North and Middle Andaman
Mayabunder
105,539
3,227
32
SA
South Andaman
Port Blair
237,586
3,181
80
Andaman and Nicobar Islands
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India, are located in the Bay of Bengal, comprising more than 570 islands, of which about 37 are inhabited. These islands are spread across an area of approximately 8,249 square kilometres, with a unique geography that ranges from dense tropical forests to pristine coral reefs. The islands hold significant ecological and strategic importance, making them a critical part of India’s territory.
Geography and Biodiversity
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are divided into two groups: the Andaman Islands to the north and the Nicobar Islands to the south, separated by the Ten Degree Channel. The islands are known for their rich biodiversity, which includes a wide variety of flora and fauna, many of which are endemic. The forests, which cover nearly 86% of the total land area, are home to over 2,200 species of plants, including mangroves, evergreen forests, and tropical rainforests.
Marine life around the islands is equally diverse, with vibrant coral reefs, a variety of fish species, and marine mammals such as dolphins and whales. The waters surrounding the islands are part of the world's most biodiverse marine ecosystems, attracting marine biologists and ecotourists alike.
Demographics
As of the 2011 Census, the population of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was approximately 380,000. The majority of the population resides in the Andaman group of islands, with Port Blair, the capital, being the most significant urban centre. The Nicobar Islands are more sparsely populated, with indigenous tribes such as the Nicobarese and Shompen maintaining a traditional way of life.
The population is a mix of indigenous tribes and settlers from the mainland, including Bengalis, Tamils, and settlers from other parts of India. The diverse cultural mix reflects the islands' history of migration and settlement, particularly after India's independence when many were encouraged to move to the islands for rehabilitation and development purposes.
Economy
The economy of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is primarily based on agriculture, fishing, and tourism. Agriculture is limited due to the topography and soil conditions, but the islands produce coconuts, areca nuts, and various fruits. Fisheries play a crucial role, with the surrounding waters rich in fish, providing both sustenance and income for many islanders.
Tourism is a growing sector, driven by the islands' natural beauty and biodiversity. Attractions include pristine beaches, coral reefs, and historical sites such as the Cellular Jail in Port Blair, which is a reminder of the islands' colonial past and its role as a British penal colony. The government has been promoting eco-tourism, aiming to balance economic development with the conservation of the islands' fragile ecosystems.
Strategic Importance
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands hold significant strategic importance for India, given their location near the Malacca Strait, one of the busiest shipping lanes in the world. The islands serve as a critical point for India's maritime security and have been developed as a key naval base. The Indian government has been strengthening military infrastructure on the islands to ensure the security of the region and to monitor maritime activities.
History
The history of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is a rich tapestry woven with the stories of indigenous tribes, colonial conquest, wartime occupation, and post-independence development. Located in the Bay of Bengal, these islands have long been a crossroads of various cultures and a site of strategic importance due to their position near crucial maritime routes. Their history spans millennia, beginning with ancient human habitation and culminating in their modern status as a union territory of India.
Pre-Colonial Era
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have been inhabited for thousands of years, with evidence of human presence dating back to the Palaeolithic period. The indigenous tribes of the Andaman Islands, such as the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese, are believed to have lived on the islands for tens of thousands of years, possibly migrating from Africa as part of early human migrations. These tribes have maintained their distinct ways of life, largely isolated from the outside world, preserving ancient traditions and languages that are now considered endangered.
The Nicobar Islands, located further south, were home to the Nicobarese and Shompen tribes. The Nicobarese were more open to contact with outsiders compared to the Andaman tribes, engaging in trade with passing merchants from Southeast Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Historical records suggest that the Nicobar Islands were part of early trade routes, with mentions in ancient Tamil, Chinese, and Arab texts.
Early Colonial Encounters
The strategic location of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands attracted the attention of various colonial powers over the centuries. The first recorded European contact with the islands occurred in the 16th century when Portuguese explorers arrived. The Portuguese, however, did not establish a lasting presence, mainly due to the hostile environment and resistance from the indigenous tribes.
The Danish East India Company attempted to establish a colony on the Nicobar Islands in the 18th century, naming it "Frederiksøerne" after King Frederick V of Denmark. However, the colony was short-lived due to disease, difficulties in maintaining supplies, and attacks by indigenous people. The Danes eventually abandoned their efforts, selling their rights to the British in 1868.
British Colonial Period
The British were the first to establish a lasting colonial presence on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. In 1789, the British established a penal settlement on Chatham Island, near Port Blair, under the command of Captain Archibald Blair. This settlement was short-lived and was abandoned in 1796 due to outbreaks of disease and difficulties in maintaining supplies.
The British returned to the islands in 1858, following the Indian Rebellion of 1857, also known as the First War of Indian Independence. The islands were seen as an ideal location for a penal colony where political prisoners and convicts could be isolated. The British established the notorious Cellular Jail in Port Blair, which became known as "Kala Pani" or "black water" due to its remote location and harsh conditions. The jail housed many Indian freedom fighters, including Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, Batukeshwar Dutt, and many others, who were subjected to severe punishment and inhumane conditions.
The Cellular Jail became a symbol of British oppression and the struggle for Indian independence. It was designed with solitary confinement cells to prevent prisoners from communicating with each other, thereby breaking their spirits. The prison complex had seven wings radiating from a central watchtower, with each wing containing multiple cells. The harsh treatment of prisoners and the jail's grim reputation made it a powerful symbol of resistance against British rule.
World War II and Japanese Occupation
During World War II, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands became a focal point in the conflict between Allied and Axis powers in the Southeast Asian theatre. In 1942, Japanese forces occupied the islands, marking the first and only time that Japanese forces occupied Indian territory during the war. The occupation lasted until 1945.
Under Japanese occupation, the islands experienced significant hardship. The local population suffered from food shortages, forced labour, and harsh treatment at the hands of the occupiers. The Japanese also used the islands as a base for military operations in the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean.
During the occupation, Subhas Chandra Bose, leader of the Indian National Army (INA), visited the islands. On 30 December 1943, Bose hoisted the Indian tricolour flag in Port Blair, symbolically claiming the islands for the Azad Hind government, which was a provisional government established by Bose in exile with Japanese support. The islands were renamed "Shaheed Dweep" (Martyrs' Island) and "Swaraj Dweep" (Self-Rule Island) during this period. Bose's visit and the symbolic renaming of the islands are significant events in the history of India's independence movement.
Following Japan's surrender in 1945, the British regained control of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The islands were later transferred to independent India in 1947 as part of the country's decolonisation process.
Post-Independence Era
After India gained independence in 1947, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands were integrated into the Indian Union. The islands were initially part of the state of West Bengal but were later designated as a union territory in 1956, reflecting their strategic importance and unique cultural and geographical identity.
The post-independence period saw significant efforts to develop the islands, improve infrastructure, and integrate them more closely with the mainland. Port Blair was developed as the administrative centre of the islands, and efforts were made to promote tourism, fisheries, and agriculture as key economic activities. The Indian government also encouraged settlers from mainland India to move to the islands as part of rehabilitation programs, particularly after the partition of India in 1947.
In the years following independence, the Indian government also took steps to protect the rights and cultures of the indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956, was enacted to safeguard the interests of the indigenous tribes and regulate the entry of outsiders into tribal areas. The regulation aimed to preserve the traditional ways of life of the tribes while preventing exploitation and encroachment on their lands.
Modern Developments and Strategic Importance
In the modern era, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands have gained increased strategic importance for India due to their location near the Malacca Strait, a crucial maritime route through which a significant portion of global trade passes. The islands serve as a key outpost for India's naval and air forces, with the Andaman and Nicobar Command (ANC) being established in 2001 as the first unified tri-service command of the Indian Armed Forces.
The Indian government has invested in the development of infrastructure on the islands, including the construction of roads, airports, and ports, to enhance connectivity with the mainland and strengthen India's maritime security. The islands also play a role in India's Act East policy, which seeks to strengthen ties with Southeast Asian nations and enhance India's role in the Indo-Pacific region.
Tourism has emerged as a significant economic activity in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with the government promoting eco-tourism and adventure tourism to attract visitors while preserving the islands' natural beauty and biodiversity. The Cellular Jail, now a national memorial, is a major tourist attraction, drawing visitors who wish to learn about the history of India's struggle for independence.
Geography
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, an archipelago located in the Bay of Bengal, form one of India’s seven union territories. Comprising over 570 islands, only about 37 of which are inhabited, the territory spans an area of approximately 8,249 square kilometres. The islands are positioned between 6° and 14° North latitude and 92° and 94° East longitude, and they stretch over a length of more than 800 kilometres from north to south. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are distinguished by their unique geography, which includes diverse ecosystems, varied topography, and rich biodiversity.
Topography and Physical Features
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are divided into two groups: the Andaman Islands to the north and the Nicobar Islands to the south. The Ten Degree Channel, a 150-kilometre-wide waterway, separates these two groups of islands.
Andaman Islands
The Andaman Islands consist of the North Andaman, Middle Andaman, South Andaman, and Little Andaman islands. North Andaman is the largest island in this group, followed by Middle Andaman and South Andaman. Port Blair, the capital of the union territory, is located on South Andaman Island.
The topography of the Andaman Islands is predominantly hilly, with narrow plains along the coastlines. The highest peak in the Andaman group is Saddle Peak, located in North Andaman, which rises to an elevation of 732 metres above sea level. The hills and ridges of the Andaman Islands are covered with dense tropical forests, which contribute to the islands' rich biodiversity.
The coastline of the Andaman Islands is characterised by numerous bays, coves, and inlets, with sandy beaches and coral reefs that are home to a wide variety of marine life. The islands are surrounded by coral reefs, which form an important part of the marine ecosystem and provide a natural barrier against coastal erosion.
Nicobar Islands
The Nicobar Islands are located to the south of the Andaman group and consist of 22 main islands, with Great Nicobar being the largest. The Nicobar Islands are more isolated and less developed than the Andaman Islands, with a largely indigenous population.
The topography of the Nicobar Islands is also hilly, with Mount Thullier on Great Nicobar being the highest point, at an elevation of 642 metres above sea level. The Nicobar Islands are covered with tropical rainforests, which are home to a diverse range of plant and animal species.
The coastline of the Nicobar Islands is less indented than that of the Andaman Islands, with fewer bays and inlets. The islands are surrounded by coral reefs and have a number of important nesting sites for sea turtles.
Geology
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are part of a submerged mountain range that extends from the Arakan Yoma mountain range in Myanmar to the Sumatra island in Indonesia. Geologically, the islands are part of the Indian Plate, which is slowly moving northwards and subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate. This tectonic activity is responsible for the seismic and volcanic activity in the region.
The islands are composed primarily of sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, including sandstone, limestone, and shale. The sedimentary rocks are rich in fossils, which provide evidence of the geological history of the region. The Nicobar Islands are more geologically diverse, with a mix of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are located in a seismically active zone, and the region is prone to earthquakes and tsunamis. The 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake, which had a magnitude of 9.1, caused widespread devastation in the Nicobar Islands and led to significant changes in the topography of the region, including the subsidence of land and the submergence of coastal areas.
Climate
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a tropical climate, characterised by high humidity, moderate to heavy rainfall, and warm temperatures throughout the year. The climate is influenced by the monsoon winds, which bring heavy rainfall during the southwest monsoon season (June to September) and lighter rainfall during the northeast monsoon season (October to December).
The average annual rainfall in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands ranges from 3,000 to 3,800 millimetres, with the southern Nicobar Islands receiving more rainfall than the northern Andaman Islands. The wettest months are typically July and August, while the driest months are January and February.
Temperatures in the islands are relatively stable throughout the year, with average maximum temperatures ranging from 28°C to 30°C and average minimum temperatures ranging from 22°C to 25°C. The humidity is high, often exceeding 80%, due to the proximity to the sea.
The islands are also prone to cyclones, particularly during the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods. These cyclones can cause significant damage to infrastructure, agriculture, and the natural environment.
Rivers and Water Resources
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are crisscrossed by numerous small rivers, streams, and creeks, which drain into the sea. These watercourses are generally short, swift-flowing, and seasonal, with their flow being heavily influenced by the monsoon rains.
In the Andaman Islands, the Kalpong River, located on North Andaman Island, is the most significant river. It is the only river in the Andaman Islands where a hydroelectric project has been developed—the Kalpong Hydroelectric Project, which provides electricity to the northern parts of the Andaman Islands.
The Nicobar Islands have several rivers and streams, but none of significant length. The islands rely on rainwater harvesting and groundwater for their water supply. The abundant rainfall ensures that freshwater resources are generally sufficient, although the lack of large rivers means that water storage and distribution are critical for ensuring water security, particularly during the dry season.
Flora and Fauna
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are renowned for their rich biodiversity, which includes a wide variety of plant and animal species, many of which are endemic to the region. The islands are part of the Indo-Burma biodiversity hotspot and are home to several protected areas, including national parks, wildlife sanctuaries, and biosphere reserves.
Flora
The islands are covered with dense tropical rainforests, which account for nearly 86% of the total land area. These forests are classified into different types, including evergreen, semi-evergreen, mangrove, and littoral forests.
The evergreen forests are found in the interior parts of the islands and are characterised by tall trees, such as Dipterocarpus, Hopea, and Pterocarpus species. The semi-evergreen forests are found in areas with slightly lower rainfall and are dominated by species such as Terminalia, Lagerstroemia, and Garcinia.
The mangrove forests are found along the coastlines and estuaries, particularly in the Andaman Islands. These forests are important for protecting the coastline from erosion, providing habitats for marine life, and supporting local livelihoods through fishing and gathering of forest products.
The littoral forests, also known as beach forests, are found along the sandy shores and are characterised by species such as Pandanus, Barringtonia, and Hibiscus. These forests provide important habitats for nesting sea turtles and other coastal species.
Fauna
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to a diverse range of animal species, including several endemic species that are not found anywhere else in the world. The islands' isolation and varied habitats have contributed to the evolution of unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians.
The islands are home to around 270 species of birds, including 14 species that are endemic to the region. Notable endemic bird species include the Andaman woodpecker, Nicobar pigeon, and Andaman teal. The islands are also an important stopover for migratory birds, particularly during the winter months.
Mammals found on the islands include the Andaman wild pig, Nicobar long-tailed macaque, and dugong (a marine mammal found in the coastal waters). The islands are also home to several species of bats, including the Andaman horseshoe bat and Nicobar flying fox.
The reptile and amphibian fauna of the islands is also diverse, with several species of snakes, lizards, turtles, and frogs. The islands are particularly important for marine turtles, with the beaches of the Nicobar Islands being important nesting sites for species such as the leatherback, hawksbill, and green turtles.
Marine Ecosystems
The marine ecosystems surrounding the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are some of the most biodiverse in the world, with extensive coral reefs, seagrass beds, and mangrove forests. These ecosystems are critical for supporting marine life, protecting the coastline, and providing resources for local communities.
The coral reefs of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are among the most pristine in the world, with a high diversity of coral species and associated marine life. The reefs are home to a wide variety of fish, molluscs, crustaceans, and other marine organisms. The reefs also provide important habitats for endangered species such as the dugong and several species of marine turtles.
The seagrass beds found in the shallow waters around the islands are important feeding grounds for marine turtles and dugongs. Seagrass beds also play a crucial role in maintaining water quality, stabilising sediments, and supporting the marine food web.
The mangrove forests, which fringe the coastlines and estuaries, are important for protecting the coastline from erosion, providing nursery habitats for fish and other marine species, and supporting local livelihoods through fishing and the collection of forest products.
Environmental Challenges
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands face several environmental challenges, including deforestation, habitat degradation, and the impacts of climate change. The islands' ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to rising sea levels, increased frequency of cyclones, and changes in rainfall patterns, all of which are associated with climate change.
The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami had a devastating impact on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, causing widespread loss of life, destruction of infrastructure, and changes to the coastal landscape. The tsunami also caused significant damage to coral reefs, mangrove forests, and other coastal ecosystems, which are still recovering more than a decade later.
Deforestation and habitat degradation are also significant challenges, driven by factors such as population growth, infrastructure development, and illegal logging. The loss of forest cover and degradation of ecosystems threaten the islands' rich biodiversity and the livelihoods of local communities that depend on natural resources.
Conservation Efforts
In response to these challenges, the Indian government and various conservation organisations have implemented a range of initiatives to protect the natural environment of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. These initiatives include the establishment of protected areas, the promotion of sustainable development practices, and efforts to restore damaged ecosystems.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to several national parks and wildlife sanctuaries, which play a critical role in conserving the region's biodiversity. Notable protected areas include the Mahatma Gandhi Marine National Park, Rani Jhansi Marine National Park, and Campbell Bay National Park.
The government has also implemented regulations to control deforestation, manage fisheries, and protect endangered species. Efforts to promote eco-tourism and sustainable livelihoods are also part of broader conservation strategies aimed at balancing economic development with environmental protection.
Demography
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands, an Indian union territory located in the Bay of Bengal, have a unique demographic profile shaped by a diverse mix of indigenous tribes, settlers from the mainland, and a history of migration. As of the 2011 Census, the population of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was approximately 380,000, spread across 37 inhabited islands out of a total of more than 570. The demographic landscape of these islands is influenced by factors such as geography, historical events, and cultural diversity, making it a distinct part of India's broader demographic composition.
Population Growth and Distribution
The population of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands has seen steady growth over the decades, primarily driven by migration from the Indian mainland. In 1901, the population of the islands was around 24,000, which grew to approximately 380,000 by 2011. The population growth rate, however, has been moderate in recent decades, reflecting both natural population increase and migration trends.
The population density of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is relatively low, with an average of about 46 persons per square kilometre, which is significantly lower than the national average. This low population density is due in part to the islands' vast geographical area, much of which is covered by forests and protected areas, leaving limited land available for habitation and development.
The population is unevenly distributed across the islands, with the majority residing in the Andaman group of islands. South Andaman Island, where the capital city of Port Blair is located, is the most populous region, accounting for over a third of the total population. The Nicobar Islands, in contrast, are more sparsely populated, with a largely indigenous population living in small, scattered villages.
Ethnic and Cultural Composition
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to a diverse mix of ethnic groups, including indigenous tribes, settlers from various parts of India, and people of mixed heritage. The islands' demographic composition reflects its history as a penal colony, a site of migration, and a region of cultural convergence.
Indigenous Tribes
The indigenous tribes of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands are among the most isolated and culturally distinct groups in the world. The Andaman Islands are home to the Great Andamanese, Onge, Jarwa, and Sentinelese tribes, while the Nicobar Islands are inhabited by the Nicobarese and Shompen tribes.
The Great Andamanese, once the largest tribe in the Andaman Islands, have seen a dramatic decline in population due to diseases, loss of territory, and the impact of colonisation. Today, only a small number of Great Andamanese remain, living on Strait Island under government protection.
The Onge, who inhabit Little Andaman Island, and the Jarwa, who live in the forests of South and Middle Andaman Islands, are semi-nomadic tribes that have traditionally relied on hunting, fishing, and gathering for their livelihoods. The Jarwa, in particular, have maintained a largely isolated existence, with limited contact with the outside world.
The Sentinelese, who inhabit North Sentinel Island, are the most isolated of the Andaman tribes and are known for their hostility towards outsiders. The Indian government has designated North Sentinel Island as a protected area, prohibiting contact with the Sentinelese to preserve their way of life and protect them from external threats.
The Nicobarese, who are the largest indigenous group in the Nicobar Islands, have a more settled lifestyle compared to the Andaman tribes. They practice agriculture, fishing, and animal husbandry, and have a matrilineal social structure. The Shompen, who live in the interior forests of Great Nicobar Island, are semi-nomadic and are believed to have minimal contact with the outside world.
Settler Population
The majority of the population of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands consists of settlers who migrated from the Indian mainland, particularly during and after the British colonial period. These settlers include people from various parts of India, including Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, and the tribal regions of Chota Nagpur. The settlers were initially brought to the islands as convicts, labourers, and refugees, particularly after the partition of India in 1947.
The settler population is diverse in terms of language, religion, and culture. Bengali is the most widely spoken language, followed by Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, and Nicobarese. The cultural diversity of the settler population is reflected in the variety of festivals, customs, and traditions observed on the islands.
Religion
The religious composition of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is reflective of the diverse population. Hinduism is the predominant religion, followed by Christianity, Islam, and indigenous beliefs. According to the 2011 Census, Hindus make up around 69% of the population, Christians 21%, Muslims 8%, and others, including indigenous religions, make up the remaining 2%.
Christianity is particularly prevalent among the Nicobarese, who were converted by European missionaries during the colonial period. The influence of Christianity is evident in the Nicobarese way of life, although traditional customs and beliefs continue to play a significant role.
Islam is practiced by a smaller segment of the population, primarily among settlers from the Indian mainland. The islands have several mosques, particularly in Port Blair and other urban centres.
Age Structure and Gender Ratio
The age structure of the population in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands is typical of a developing region, with a large proportion of the population being young. As of the 2011 Census, around 30% of the population was under the age of 15, reflecting a relatively high birth rate. The working-age population (15-59 years) constituted about 65% of the total population, while the elderly (60 years and above) made up around 5%.
The gender ratio in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, defined as the number of females per 1,000 males, was recorded at 878 in the 2011 Census. This gender ratio is lower than the national average and reflects historical patterns of migration, where a significant number of male labourers and settlers moved to the islands without their families. The gender ratio varies across different communities, with the indigenous tribes generally having more balanced ratios compared to the settler population.
Literacy and Education
Education is a critical area of focus in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, with significant efforts made to improve literacy rates and educational outcomes. According to the 2011 Census, the literacy rate in the islands was approximately 86.6%, which is higher than the national average. Male literacy stood at around 90%, while female literacy was about 82.4%, indicating a gender gap that the government continues to address.
The education system in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands includes primary, secondary, and higher education institutions. Port Blair is the main educational hub, with several schools, colleges, and vocational training centres. The government has also established schools in remote areas to ensure access to education for all children, including those from indigenous communities.
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are home to several higher education institutions, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences (ANIIMS) and the Jawaharlal Nehru Rajkeeya Mahavidyalaya (JNRM). These institutions provide opportunities for advanced studies, although many students still seek higher education on the mainland.
Health and Social Indicators
Healthcare is a critical aspect of the demographic profile of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The union territory has made significant strides in improving healthcare access and outcomes, with a network of primary health centres, community health centres, and district hospitals providing medical services across the islands.
The Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands was recorded at 20 per 1,000 live births in 2011, which is lower than the national average. The state government has implemented various healthcare initiatives, including maternal and child health programs, immunisation drives, and the promotion of preventive healthcare, to reduce infant and maternal mortality rates.
Despite these improvements, the islands face challenges related to healthcare infrastructure, particularly in remote and isolated areas. The scattered nature of the population and the difficulty of access to some islands make it challenging to provide consistent healthcare services. The government continues to focus on improving healthcare delivery through telemedicine, mobile health units, and the upgrading of healthcare facilities.
Social indicators such as poverty, literacy, and access to basic services vary across the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. While the urban centres, particularly Port Blair, have seen significant improvements in these indicators, the more remote islands, particularly in the Nicobar group, continue to face challenges related to infrastructure, healthcare, and education. The government has prioritised inclusive development to ensure that all sections of the population benefit from progress.
Migration and Urbanisation
Migration has played a significant role in shaping the demographic profile of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The islands have experienced both in-migration and out-migration, driven by factors such as employment opportunities, education, and socio-economic conditions.
In-migration to the islands has been a defining feature of their demographic history. The British colonial administration initially brought convicts and labourers from various parts of India to the islands. After independence, the Indian government encouraged settlers from the mainland, particularly from Bengal, Tamil Nadu, and Andhra Pradesh, to move to the islands as part of rehabilitation and development programs.
Out-migration from the islands, particularly of young people seeking better employment and educational opportunities, has also been a notable trend. Many residents of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands move to mainland cities such as Chennai, Kolkata, and Delhi for higher education and career prospects.
Urbanisation in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands has been gradual, with the majority of the population residing in rural areas. Port Blair, the capital and largest city, is the main urban centre and the administrative, commercial, and educational hub of the islands. Other towns, such as Diglipur, Mayabunder, and Campbell Bay, are smaller urban settlements that serve as local centres of trade and services.
Challenges and Opportunities
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands face several demographic challenges, including the need to balance development with the preservation of indigenous cultures, managing the impact of migration, and addressing disparities in social indicators across different regions and communities.
One of the key challenges is the protection of the rights and cultures of the indigenous tribes. The Indian government has implemented measures to safeguard the interests of these tribes, including the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (Protection of Aboriginal Tribes) Regulation, 1956, which restricts access to tribal areas and aims to preserve their traditional ways of life. However, the pressure of development and tourism, along with external influences, poses ongoing challenges to these efforts.
Another challenge is the need to improve infrastructure and access to basic services, particularly in remote and isolated areas. The scattered nature of the population and the geographical isolation of some islands make it difficult to provide consistent access to healthcare, education, and other essential services. The government continues to focus on improving connectivity, both physical and digital, to address these challenges.
At the same time, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands also offer significant opportunities for sustainable development. The promotion of eco-tourism, which emphasises the preservation of natural and cultural heritage, offers the potential to generate income and employment while protecting the environment. The development of infrastructure, particularly in the areas of transportation and communication, is expected to boost economic growth and improve the quality of life for residents.
Economy
The economy of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, a union territory of India, is multifaceted, with key sectors including agriculture, fisheries, forestry, tourism, and government services. Due to the islands’ strategic location in the Bay of Bengal, close to Southeast Asia and major maritime routes, they also hold significant potential for trade and defence-related activities. Despite the geographical challenges posed by the islands' remote location and scattered population, there are ongoing efforts to diversify and strengthen the economy, ensuring sustainable growth while preserving the region’s unique ecological and cultural heritage.
Agriculture and Allied Activities
Agriculture is a fundamental component of the economy of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, though its contribution to the Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP) has diminished over the years. The islanders primarily practice subsistence farming, with small and marginal farmers cultivating a variety of crops suited to the tropical climate and terrain.
The main crops grown include paddy, coconut, areca nut, and various fruits and vegetables. Paddy is the staple crop, cultivated during the Kharif season, while horticultural crops such as bananas, pineapples, and mangoes are also significant. The islands are well-known for their production of high-quality spices, including black pepper, cloves, and cinnamon, which are cultivated on a smaller scale but have the potential for commercial expansion.
Coconut and areca nut plantations are widespread, particularly in the Nicobar Islands, where they play a vital role in the local economy. The products derived from these crops, such as copra (dried coconut kernel) and betel nut, are essential sources of income for many islanders.
Livestock farming, including poultry, piggery, and dairy farming, complements crop cultivation. The Andaman and Nicobar Islands have a small but growing dairy sector, with efforts to increase milk production and improve livestock management practices. However, due to the limited availability of grazing land and fodder, livestock farming is generally small-scale.
The challenges facing agriculture in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands include limited arable land, vulnerability to natural disasters such as cyclones and tsunamis, and the remoteness of many farming areas, which complicates access to markets. The government has implemented various schemes to support agricultural development, including the provision of subsidies, improved seeds, and training for farmers in modern agricultural practices.
Fisheries and Marine Resources
The Andaman and Nicobar Islands are surrounded by rich marine resources, making fisheries a crucial sector of the local economy. The islands' Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) covers an area of approximately 600,000 square kilometres, providing ample opportunities for both coastal and deep-sea fishing.
The fisheries sector employs a significant portion of the island population, particularly in the coastal villages. The main fish species caught include tuna, mackerel, sardines, and various shellfish. In addition to fish, the islands are known for the harvesting of sea cucumbers, lobsters, and crabs, which are highly valued in both domestic and international markets.
Aquaculture, particularly the farming of prawns and crabs, has been identified as a potential area for expansion, with the government promoting sustainable aquaculture practices to boost production and reduce pressure on wild fish stocks. The establishment of fish processing units and cold storage facilities has also been encouraged to add value to the fisheries sector and improve the livelihoods of fisherfolk.
The challenges facing the fisheries sector include overfishing, illegal fishing by foreign vessels, and the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems. The government has taken steps to regulate fishing activities, promote sustainable practices, and enhance the monitoring of the EEZ to protect marine resources.
Forestry and Timber Industry
Forestry has traditionally been an important sector in the economy of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, given that nearly 86% of the land area is covered by forests. The islands’ forests are rich in timber, including valuable species such as teak, mahogany, and padauk, which have been commercially exploited for decades.
However, concerns over deforestation and the need to protect the islands' unique biodiversity have led to stricter regulations on timber extraction. The government has imposed restrictions on logging activities, and the focus has shifted towards sustainable forest management practices. As a result, the contribution of the timber industry to the economy has declined in recent years.
Non-timber forest products (NTFPs), such as medicinal plants, resins, and honey, play an important role in the local economy, particularly for indigenous communities. The collection and processing of NTFPs provide a source of income for many rural households, and efforts are being made to promote the sustainable harvesting and value addition of these products.
The forest department has also been involved in afforestation and reforestation projects to restore degraded forest areas and enhance carbon sequestration. These efforts are part of broader conservation strategies aimed at balancing economic development with environmental protection.
Tourism Sector
Tourism is a rapidly growing sector in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, driven by the region's natural beauty, pristine beaches, coral reefs, and unique cultural heritage. The islands have become a popular destination for both domestic and international tourists, with attractions ranging from adventure sports such as scuba diving and snorkelling to eco-tourism and cultural tourism.
Port Blair, the capital, serves as the primary gateway for tourists, offering a range of historical and cultural sites, including the Cellular Jail, Ross Island, and the Anthropological Museum. The Havelock Island (now officially known as Swaraj Dweep) and Neil Island (Shaheed Dweep) are particularly famous for their stunning beaches, coral reefs, and diving spots.
The government has been actively promoting tourism as a key driver of economic growth, with initiatives aimed at improving infrastructure, enhancing connectivity, and promoting sustainable tourism practices. The development of eco-friendly resorts, the expansion of air and sea links, and the organisation of tourism festivals are part of these efforts to attract more visitors while ensuring the conservation of the islands' fragile ecosystems.
However, the tourism sector also faces challenges, including the need to manage the environmental impact of increased tourist activity, particularly on coral reefs and marine life. The government is focusing on promoting responsible tourism practices, such as waste management, water conservation, and the protection of natural habitats, to ensure the long-term sustainability of the sector.
Government Services and Public Administration
Government services and public administration are significant contributors to the economy of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, given the union territory's reliance on central government funding and support for its development. The government is the largest employer in the region, with a substantial portion of the population employed in various administrative, defence, and public service roles.
The Andaman and Nicobar Command, the first and only tri-service command of the Indian Armed Forces, is based in Port Blair, underscoring the strategic importance of the islands. The presence of military personnel and infrastructure contributes to the local economy, particularly in terms of demand for goods, services, and housing.
Public administration also plays a crucial role in the implementation of development projects, infrastructure expansion, and the delivery of essential services such as healthcare, education, and social welfare programs. The government has prioritised the improvement of basic infrastructure, including roads, bridges, and communication networks, to enhance connectivity and support economic growth.
Challenges and Opportunities
The economy of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands faces several challenges, including its geographical isolation, vulnerability to natural disasters, and limited industrial development. The remote location of the islands increases the cost of transportation and the supply of goods, making it difficult to attract investment and promote large-scale industrial activities.
The islands are also prone to natural disasters, such as cyclones, tsunamis, and earthquakes, which can have devastating effects on the local economy. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, for example, caused widespread damage to infrastructure, housing, and livelihoods, and the region is still recovering from its long-term impacts.
However, there are significant opportunities for sustainable economic development in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. The government’s focus on promoting tourism, fisheries, and agriculture as key sectors offers the potential for income generation, employment creation, and poverty reduction. The promotion of eco-tourism, in particular, has the potential to attract investment while preserving the natural environment.
The islands' strategic location also offers opportunities for enhancing trade and maritime activities, particularly with Southeast Asia and the Indo-Pacific region. The development of ports, harbours, and related infrastructure could position the Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a hub for regional trade and maritime security.
