England Map

Explore the map of England showing major roads, rivers, national capital London, major cities, mountain peaks, airports and national parks. England, the largest country in the United Kingdom, boasts a population of approximately 56 million people. It is known for its rich history, from landmarks like Stonehenge and the Tower of London to cultural institutions such as the British Museum. London, its capital, is a global financial and cultural hub. England's economy, one of the strongest in the world, is driven by diverse sectors including finance, technology, and manufacturing. The country's education system includes renowned universities such as Oxford and Cambridge, contributing to its reputation for academic excellence.

About England Map

Explore the map of England, it is a country that is part of the UK (United Kingdom). It shares land borders with Scotland to its north and Wales to its west. The Irish Sea lies north-west of England and the Celtic Sea to the south-west.

England

England, the largest and most populous country in the United Kingdom, is home to approximately 56 million people. It covers an area of 130,279 square kilometres and is renowned for its rich history, cultural heritage, and significant contributions to global finance, education, and technology.

Geography and Regions

England is divided into nine distinct regions: Greater London, South East, South West, East of England, East Midlands, West Midlands, Yorkshire and the Humber, North East, and North West. These regions encompass a diverse range of landscapes, from the rolling hills of the Cotswolds and the rugged coastline of Cornwall to the industrial heartlands of the Midlands and the bustling urban centres of Manchester and Liverpool.

London

Greater London, the capital region, is a global metropolis with a population exceeding 9 million. London is a leading financial centre, home to the London Stock Exchange, the Bank of England, and numerous multinational corporations. The city is also a cultural powerhouse, with world-famous landmarks such as the British Museum, the Tower of London, and the Houses of Parliament. London’s West End is renowned for its theatre productions, attracting millions of tourists annually.

Economy

England's economy is one of the strongest in the world, with a GDP of approximately £2.1 trillion. The country has a diverse economic structure, with key sectors including finance, technology, manufacturing, and creative industries.

Finance

The financial services sector is particularly robust, centred around London’s financial district, the City of London, and Canary Wharf. These areas host major banks, insurance companies, and investment firms, contributing significantly to the national economy.

Technology and Innovation

England is a hub for technological innovation, with cities like Cambridge and Oxford leading in research and development. Known as the "Silicon Fen," the area around Cambridge is home to a cluster of high-tech businesses and startups, supported by the University of Cambridge. Similarly, the Oxfordshire region, with its "Silicon Gorge," is a centre for biotechnology and information technology.

Manufacturing

The manufacturing sector remains vital, especially in regions like the West Midlands and North West. The automotive industry, with companies like Jaguar Land Rover and Nissan, plays a crucial role. Additionally, the aerospace sector is significant, with major operations in the South West and Midlands, involving companies such as Rolls-Royce and BAE Systems.

Creative Industries

The creative industries, including film, music, and fashion, are thriving. London is a major global centre for these industries, hosting events such as London Fashion Week and being home to the British Film Institute. The city’s music scene has produced world-renowned artists and bands, further enhancing its cultural footprint.

Education

England is renowned for its prestigious educational institutions. The University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, collectively known as Oxbridge, are two of the oldest and most prestigious universities in the world. These institutions attract students and academics globally, contributing to England’s reputation for academic excellence. Other leading universities include Imperial College London, University College London (UCL), and the London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE).

Health and Welfare

The National Health Service (NHS) provides comprehensive healthcare to residents, funded primarily through taxation. England's healthcare system is known for its accessibility and high standard of care, although it faces challenges such as funding pressures and increasing demand.

Culture and Heritage

England's cultural heritage is rich and varied. The country has a long history, from prehistoric sites like Stonehenge to the medieval castles of Warwick and Windsor. England’s literature, art, and theatre have had a profound impact on global culture, with figures like William Shakespeare, Charles Dickens, and J.K. Rowling being internationally celebrated.

Museums and galleries such as the British Museum, the National Gallery, and the Tate Modern in London, and the Yorkshire Sculpture Park and the Ashmolean Museum in the regions, showcase vast collections of art and historical artefacts. England’s music scene is equally influential, having produced iconic bands and artists such as The Beatles, The Rolling Stones, and Adele.

Tourism

Tourism is a significant industry, with England attracting millions of visitors annually. London is the primary destination, but other regions also draw tourists with attractions like the Lake District National Park, the historic city of Bath, and the university towns of Oxford and Cambridge. The coastal resorts of Cornwall and Devon, the cultural vibrancy of Liverpool, and the historical significance of York also contribute to the tourism sector.

Transport

England has a comprehensive transport network, including an extensive railway system, major international airports, and a network of motorways and roads. The London Underground is the oldest metro system in the world, providing crucial public transport within the capital. Major airports like Heathrow, Gatwick, and Manchester facilitate global connectivity. The Channel Tunnel links England to mainland Europe, enhancing trade and travel.

Regions of England

Regions	Population	Area km2	Area sq mi	Median gross annual earnings (£) 2019	Largest urban area
South East	9,180,135	19,072	7,364	32,120	South Hampshire
London	8,961,989	1,572	607	38,992	Greater London Built-up Area
North West	7,341,196	14,108	5,447	28,137	Greater Manchester Built-up Area
East of England	6,236,072	19,116	7,381	30,345	Southend Urban Area
West Midlands	5,934,037	12,998	5,019	28,536	West Midlands Conurbation
South West	5,624,696	23,836	9,203	28,654	Bristol Built-up Area
Yorkshire and the Humber	5,502,967	15,405	5,948	27,835	West Yorkshire Built-up Area
East Midlands	4,835,928	15,625	6,033	28,000	Nottingham Urban Area
North East	2,669,941	8,579	3,312	27,187	Tyneside

Counties of England

Ceremonial counties of England

County for the purposes of the lieutenancies	Population (2018)	Area km2	Area sq mi	Composition Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties or unitary authority areas
Bedfordshire	669,338	1,235	477	Bedford, Central Bedfordshire and Luton
Berkshire	911,403	1,262	487	Bracknell Forest, Reading, Slough, West Berkshire, Windsor and Maidenhead and Wokingham
Bristol	463,405	110	42	Bristol
Buckinghamshire	808,666	1,874	724	Buckinghamshire and Milton Keynes
Cambridgeshire	852,523	3,390	1,310	Cambridgeshire and Peterborough
Cheshire	1,059,271	2,343	905	Cheshire East, Cheshire West and Chester, Halton, and Warrington
City of London	8,706	2.9	1.12	City of London
Cornwall	568,210	3,562	1,375	Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly
Cumbria	498,888	6,767	2,613	Cumbria
Derbyshire	1,053,316	2,625	1,014	Derbyshire and Derby
Devon	1,194,166	6,707	2,590	Devon, Plymouth and Torbay
Dorset	772,268	2,653	1,024	Dorset and Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole
Durham	866,846	2,676	1,033	County Durham, Darlington, Hartlepool and that part of Stockton-on-Tees north of the centre line of the River Tees
East Riding of Yorkshire	600,259	2,477	956	East Riding of Yorkshire and Kingston-upon-Hull
East Sussex	844,985	1,791	692	East Sussex and Brighton and Hove
Essex	1,832,752	3,670	1,420	Essex, Southend-on-Sea and Thurrock
Gloucestershire	916,202	3,150	1,220	Gloucestershire and South Gloucestershire
Greater London	8,899,375	1,569	606	The London boroughs
Greater Manchester	2,812,569	1,276	493	Greater Manchester
Hampshire	1,844,245	3,769	1,455	Hampshire, Portsmouth and Southampton
Herefordshire	192,107	2,180	840	Herefordshire
Hertfordshire	1,184,365	1,643	634	Hertfordshire
Isle of Wight	141,538	380	150	Isle of Wight
Kent	1,846,478	3,738	1,443	Kent and Medway
Lancashire	1,498,300	3,075	1,187	Blackburn with Darwen, Blackpool and Lancashire
Leicestershire	1,053,486	2,156	832	Leicestershire and Leicester
Lincolnshire	1,087,659	6,975	2,693	Lincolnshire, North Lincolnshire and North East Lincolnshire
Merseyside	1,423,065	647	250	Merseyside
Norfolk	903,680	5,380	2,080	Norfolk
North Yorkshire	1,158,816	8,654	3,341	Middlesbrough, North Yorkshire, Redcar and Cleveland, York and that part of Stockton-on-Tees south of the centre line of the River Tees
Northamptonshire	747,622	2,364	913	Northamptonshire
Northumberland	320,274	5,014	1,936	Northumberland
Nottinghamshire	1,154,195	2,159	834	Nottinghamshire and Nottingham
Oxfordshire	687,524	2,605	1,006	Oxfordshire
Rutland	39,697	382	147	Rutland
Shropshire	498,073	3,488	1,347	Shropshire and Telford and Wrekin
Somerset	965,424	4,170	1,610	Bath and North East Somerset, North Somerset and Somerset
South Yorkshire	1,402,918	1,552	599	South Yorkshire
Staffordshire	1,131,052	2,714	1,048	Staffordshire and Stoke-on-Trent
Suffolk	758,556	3,801	1,468	Suffolk
Surrey	1,189,934	1,663	642	Surrey
Tyne and Wear	1,136,371	540	210	Tyne and Wear
Warwickshire	571,010	1,975	763	Warwickshire
West Midlands	2,916,458	902	348	West Midlands
West Sussex	858,852	1,991	769	West Sussex
West Yorkshire	2,320,214	2,029	783	West Yorkshire
Wiltshire	720,060	3,485	1,346	Swindon and Wiltshire
Worcestershire	592,057	1,741	672	Worcestershire

Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties of England

Metropolitan counties of England

Metropolitan county	Population (2017)	Constituent Metropolitan boroughs
Greater Manchester	2,798,800	City of Manchester, City of Salford, Bolton, Bury, Oldham, Rochdale, Stockport, Tameside, Trafford, Wigan
Merseyside	1,416,800	City of Liverpool, Knowsley, St Helens, Sefton, Wirral
South Yorkshire	1,250,000	City of Sheffield, Barnsley, Doncaster, Rotherham
Tyne and Wear	1,299,000	City of Newcastle upon Tyne, City of Sunderland, Gateshead, South Tyneside, North Tyneside
West Midlands	2,897,300	City of Birmingham, City of Coventry, City of Wolverhampton, Dudley, Sandwell, Solihull, Walsall
West Yorkshire	2,307,000	City of Leeds, City of Bradford, City of Wakefield, Calderdale, Kirklees

Non-Metropolitan counties of England

S.N.	Non-metropolitan county 1974
1	Avon
2	Bedfordshire
3	Berkshire
4	Buckinghamshire
5	Cambridgeshire
6	Cheshire
7	Cleveland
8	Cornwall
9	Cumbria
10	Derbyshire
11	Devon
12	Dorset
13	Durham
14	East Sussex
15	Essex
16	Gloucestershire
17	Hampshire
18	Hereford and Worcester
19	Hertfordshire
20	Humberside
21	Isle of Wight
22	Kent
23	Lancashire
24	Leicestershire
25	Lincolnshire
26	Norfolk
27	North Yorkshire
28	Northamptonshire
29	Northumberland
30	Nottinghamshire
31	Oxfordshire
32	Salop
33	Somerset
34	Staffordshire
35	Suffolk
36	Surrey
37	Warwickshire
38	West Sussex
39	Wiltshire

Districts of England

Rank	District	Population	Type	Ceremonial county	Region
1	Birmingham	1,141,816	Metropolitan borough, City (1889)	West Midlands	West Midlands
2	Leeds	793,139	Metropolitan borough, City (1893)	West Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
3	Sheffield	584,853	Metropolitan borough, City (1893)	South Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
4	Cornwall	569,578	Unitary authority	Cornwall	South West
5	Manchester	552,858	Metropolitan borough, City (1853)	Greater Manchester	North West
6	Buckinghamshire	543,973	Unitary authority	Buckinghamshire	South East
7	Bradford	539,776	Metropolitan borough, City (1897)	West Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
8	County Durham	530,094	Unitary authority	County Durham	North East
9	Wiltshire	500,024	Unitary authority	Wiltshire	South West
10	Liverpool	498,042	Metropolitan borough, City (1880)	Merseyside	North West
11	Bristol	463,377	Unitary authority, City (1542)	Bristol	South West
12	Kirklees	439,787	Metropolitan borough	West Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
13	Barnet	395,869	London borough	Greater London	London
14	Bournemouth, Christchurch and Poole	395,331	Unitary authority	Dorset	South West
15	Croydon	386,710	London borough	Greater London	London
16	Cheshire East	384,152	Unitary authority	Cheshire	North West
17	Dorset	378,508	Unitary authority	Dorset	South West
18	Coventry	371,521	Metropolitan borough, City (1345)	West Midlands	West Midlands
19	Leicester	354,224	Unitary authority, City (1919)	Leicestershire	East Midlands
20	Newham	353,134	London borough	Greater London	London
21	Wakefield	348,312	Metropolitan borough, City (1888)	West Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
22	Cheshire West and Chester	343,071	Unitary authority	Cheshire	North West
23	Ealing	341,806	London borough	Greater London	London
24	East Riding of Yorkshire	341,173	Unitary authority	East Riding of Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
25	Enfield	333,794	London borough	Greater London	London
26	Nottingham	332,900	Unitary authority, City (1897)	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
27	Bromley	332,336	London borough	Greater London	London
28	Brent	329,771	London borough	Greater London	London
29	Wandsworth	329,677	London borough	Greater London	London
30	Wigan	328,662	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
31	Sandwell	328,450	Metropolitan borough	West Midlands	West Midlands
32	Lambeth	326,034	London borough	Greater London	London
33	Tower Hamlets	324,745	London borough	Greater London	London
34	Wirral	324,011	Metropolitan borough	Merseyside	North West
35	Shropshire	323,136	Unitary authority	Shropshire	West Midlands
36	Northumberland	322,434	Unitary authority	Northumberland	North East
37	Dudley	321,596	Metropolitan borough	West Midlands	West Midlands
38	Southwark	318,830	London borough	Greater London	London
39	Doncaster	311,890	Metropolitan borough	South Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
40	Hillingdon	306,870	London borough	Greater London	London
41	Lewisham	305,842	London borough	Greater London	London
42	Redbridge	305,222	London borough	Greater London	London
43	Newcastle upon Tyne	302,820	Metropolitan borough, City (1882)	Tyne and Wear	North East
44	Stockport	293,423	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
45	Brighton & Hove	290,885	Unitary authority, City (2000)	East Sussex	South East
46	Central Bedfordshire	288,648	Unitary authority	Bedfordshire	East of England
47	Greenwich	287,942	London borough, Royal Borough	Greater London	London
48	Bolton	287,550	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
49	Walsall	285,478	Metropolitan borough	West Midlands	West Midlands
50	South Gloucestershire	285,093	Unitary authority	Gloucestershire	South West
51	Hackney	281,120	London borough	Greater London	London
52	Medway	278,556	Unitary authority	Kent	South East
53	Sunderland	277,705	Metropolitan borough, City (1992)	Tyne and Wear	North East
54	Waltham Forest	276,983	London borough	Greater London	London
55	Sefton	276,410	Metropolitan borough	Merseyside	North West
56	Hounslow	271,523	London borough	Greater London	London
57	Camden	270,029	London borough	Greater London	London
58	Milton Keynes	269,457	Unitary authority, Borough	Buckinghamshire	South East
59	Haringey	268,647	London borough	Greater London	London
60	Rotherham	265,411	Metropolitan borough	South Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
61	Wolverhampton	263,357	Metropolitan borough, City (2000)	West Midlands	West Midlands
62	Plymouth	262,100	Unitary authority, City (1928)	Devon	South West
63	Westminster	261,317	London borough, City (1540)	Greater London	London
64	Kingston upon Hull	259,778	Unitary authority, City (1299)	East Riding of Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
65	Havering	259,552	London borough	Greater London	London
66	Salford	258,834	Metropolitan borough, City (1926)	Greater Manchester	North West
67	Derby	257,302	Unitary authority, City (1977)	Derbyshire	East Midlands
68	Stoke-on-Trent	256,375	Unitary authority, City (1925)	Staffordshire	West Midlands
69	Southampton	252,520	Unitary authority, City (1964)	Hampshire	South East
70	Harrow	251,160	London borough	Greater London	London
71	East Suffolk	249,461	Non-metropolitan district	Suffolk	East of England
72	Bexley	248,287	London borough	Greater London	London
73	Barnsley	246,866	Metropolitan borough	South Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
74	Islington	242,467	London borough	Greater London	London
75	Trafford	237,354	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
76	Oldham	237,110	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
77	Tameside	226,493	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
78	Northampton	224,610	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Northamptonshire	East Midlands
79	Rochdale	222,412	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
80	Swindon	222,193	Unitary authority, Borough	Wiltshire	South West
81	Solihull	216,374	Metropolitan borough	West Midlands	West Midlands
82	North Somerset	215,052	Unitary authority	Somerset	South West
83	Portsmouth	214,905	Unitary authority, City (1926)	Hampshire	South East
84	Luton	213,052	Unitary authority, Borough	Bedfordshire	East of England
85	Barking and Dagenham	212,906	London borough	Greater London	London
86	Calderdale	211,455	Metropolitan borough	West Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
87	York	210,618	Unitary authority, City	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
88	Warrington	210,014	Unitary authority, Borough	Cheshire	North West
89	North Tyneside	207,913	Metropolitan borough	Tyne and Wear	North East
90	Merton	206,548	London borough	Greater London	London
91	Sutton	206,349	London borough	Greater London	London
92	Peterborough	202,259	Unitary authority, City (1541)	Cambridgeshire	East of England
93	Gateshead	202,055	Metropolitan borough	Tyne and Wear	North East
94	Richmond upon Thames	198,019	London borough	Greater London	London
95	Stockton-on-Tees	197,348	Unitary authority, Borough	County Durham and North Yorkshire	North East
96	Colchester	194,706	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Essex	East of England
97	Bath and North East Somerset	193,282	Unitary authority	Somerset	South West
98	Herefordshire	192,801	Unitary authority	Herefordshire	West Midlands
99	Bury	190,990	Metropolitan borough	Greater Manchester	North West
100	Basildon	187,199	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Essex	East of England
101	Charnwood	185,851	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Leicestershire	East Midlands
102	Hammersmith and Fulham	185,143	London borough	Greater London	London
103	Southend-on-Sea	183,125	Unitary authority, Borough	Essex	East of England
104	St Helens	180,585	Metropolitan borough	Merseyside	North West
105	New Forest	180,086	Non-metropolitan district	Hampshire	South East
106	Telford and Wrekin	179,854	Unitary authority, Borough	Shropshire	West Midlands
107	West Suffolk	179,045	Non-metropolitan district	Suffolk	East of England
108	Chelmsford	178,388	Non-metropolitan district, City (2012)	Essex	East of England
109	Huntingdonshire	177,963	Non-metropolitan district	Cambridgeshire	East of England
110	Kingston upon Thames	177,507	London borough, Royal Borough	Greater London	London
111	Basingstoke and Deane	176,582	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hampshire	South East
112	Thurrock	174,341	Unitary authority, Borough	Essex	East of England
113	Bedford	173,292	Unitary authority, Borough	Bedfordshire	East of England
114	North Lincolnshire	172,292	Unitary authority, Borough	Lincolnshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
115	Maidstone	171,826	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Kent	South East
116	Wokingham	171,119	Unitary authority	Berkshire	South East
117	South Somerset	168,345	Non-metropolitan district	Somerset	South West
118	Canterbury	165,394	Non-metropolitan district, City	Kent	South East
119	Reading	161,780	Unitary authority, Borough	Berkshire	South East
120	Wealden	161,475	Non-metropolitan district	East Sussex	South East
121	Harrogate	160,831	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
122	Arun	160,758	Non-metropolitan district	West Sussex	South East
123	North East Lincolnshire	159,563	Unitary authority, Borough	Lincolnshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
124	South Cambridgeshire	159,086	Non-metropolitan district	Cambridgeshire	East of England
125	West Berkshire	158,450	Unitary authority	Berkshire	South East
126	Kensington and Chelsea	156,129	London borough, Royal Borough	Greater London	London
127	Somerset West and Taunton	155,115	Non-metropolitan district	Somerset	South West
128	Dacorum	154,763	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hertfordshire	East of England
129	Braintree	152,604	Non-metropolitan district	Essex	East of England
130	Oxford	152,457	Non-metropolitan district, City (1542)	Oxfordshire	South East
131	Windsor and Maidenhead	151,422	Unitary authority, Royal Borough	Berkshire	South East
132	King's Lynn and West Norfolk	151,383	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Norfolk	East of England
133	Mid Sussex	151,022	Non-metropolitan district	West Sussex	South East
134	South Tyneside	150,976	Metropolitan borough	Tyne and Wear	North East
135	Knowsley	150,862	Metropolitan borough	Merseyside	North West
136	Cherwell	150,503	Non-metropolitan district	Oxfordshire	South East
137	Swale	150,082	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Kent	South East
138	East Hertfordshire	149,748	Non-metropolitan district	Hertfordshire	East of England
139	Blackburn with Darwen	149,696	Unitary authority, Borough	Lancashire	North West
140	Slough	149,539	Unitary authority, Borough	Berkshire	South East
141	Guildford	148,998	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
142	Reigate and Banstead	148,748	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
143	St Albans	148,452	Non-metropolitan district, City (1877)	Hertfordshire	East of England
144	Tendring	146,561	Non-metropolitan district	Essex	East of England
145	East Devon	146,284	Non-metropolitan district	Devon	South West
146	Lancaster	146,038	Non-metropolitan district, City (1937)	Lancashire	North West
147	Horsham	143,791	Non-metropolitan district	West Sussex	South East
148	Warwick	143,753	Non-metropolitan district	Warwickshire	West Midlands
149	Preston	143,135	Non-metropolitan district, City (2002)	Lancashire	North West
150	South Kesteven	142,424	Non-metropolitan district	Lincolnshire	East Midlands
151	South Oxfordshire	142,057	Non-metropolitan district	Oxfordshire	South East
152	Thanet	141,922	Non-metropolitan district	Kent	South East
153	Isle of Wight	141,771	Unitary authority, County	Isle of Wight	South East
154	East Lindsey	141,727	Non-metropolitan district	Lincolnshire	East Midlands
155	Middlesbrough	140,980	Unitary authority, Borough	North Yorkshire	North East
156	South Norfolk	140,880	Non-metropolitan district	Norfolk	East of England
157	Norwich	140,573	Non-metropolitan district, City (1195)	Norfolk	East of England
158	Breckland	139,968	Non-metropolitan district	Norfolk	East of England
159	Blackpool	139,446	Unitary authority, Borough	Lancashire	North West
160	Stafford	137,280	Non-metropolitan district	Staffordshire	West Midlands
161	Redcar and Cleveland	137,150	Unitary authority, Borough	North Yorkshire	North East
162	Ipswich	136,913	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Suffolk	East of England
163	Elmbridge	136,795	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
164	Torbay	136,264	Unitary authority, Borough	Devon	South West
165	Vale of White Horse	136,007	Non-metropolitan district	Oxfordshire	South East
166	Teignbridge	134,163	Non-metropolitan district	Devon	South West
167	Eastleigh	133,584	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hampshire	South East
168	North Hertfordshire	133,570	Non-metropolitan district	Hertfordshire	East of England
169	Tonbridge and Malling	132,153	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Kent	South East
170	Epping Forest	131,689	Non-metropolitan district	Essex	East of England
171	Exeter	131,405	Non-metropolitan district, City	Devon	South West
172	Broadland	130,783	Non-metropolitan district	Norfolk	East of England
173	Stratford-on-Avon	130,098	Non-metropolitan district	Warwickshire	West Midlands
174	Ashford	130,032	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Kent	South East
175	Nuneaton and Bedworth	129,883	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Warwickshire	West Midlands
176	Newcastle-under-Lyme	129,441	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Staffordshire	West Midlands
177	Wychavon	129,433	Non-metropolitan district	Worcestershire	West Midlands
178	Halton	129,410	Unitary authority, Borough	Cheshire	North West
179	Gloucester	129,128	Non-metropolitan district, City (1541)	Gloucestershire	South West
180	Amber Valley	128,147	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Derbyshire	East Midlands
181	Ashfield	127,918	Non-metropolitan district	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
182	Waverley	126,328	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
183	Havant	126,220	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hampshire	South East
184	Test Valley	126,160	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hampshire	South East
185	Winchester	124,859	Non-metropolitan district, City	Hampshire	South East
186	Cambridge	124,798	Non-metropolitan district, City (1951)	Cambridgeshire	East of England
187	Sedgemoor	123,178	Non-metropolitan district	Somerset	South West
188	Welwyn Hatfield	123,043	Non-metropolitan district	Hertfordshire	East of England
189	Bracknell Forest	122,549	Unitary authority, Borough	Berkshire	South East
190	Newark and Sherwood	122,421	Non-metropolitan district	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
191	East Hampshire	122,308	Non-metropolitan district	Hampshire	South East
192	Chichester	121,129	Non-metropolitan district	West Sussex	South East
193	Sevenoaks	120,750	Non-metropolitan district	Kent	South East
194	Stroud	119,964	Non-metropolitan district	Gloucestershire	South West
195	East Staffordshire	119,754	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Staffordshire	West Midlands
196	Rushcliffe	119,184	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
197	Tunbridge Wells	118,724	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Kent	South East
198	Chorley	118,216	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
199	Dover	118,131	Non-metropolitan district	Kent	South East
200	Gedling	117,896	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
201	Bassetlaw	117,459	Non-metropolitan district	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
202	North Kesteven	116,915	Non-metropolitan district	Lincolnshire	East Midlands
203	Cheltenham	116,306	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Gloucestershire	South West
204	Fareham	116,233	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hampshire	South East
205	Mendip	115,587	Non-metropolitan district	Somerset	South West
206	Erewash	115,371	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Derbyshire	East Midlands
207	West Lancashire	114,306	Non-metropolitan district	Lancashire	North West
208	Broxtowe	114,033	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
209	Hinckley and Bosworth	113,136	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Leicestershire	East Midlands
210	Folkestone and Hythe	112,996	Non-metropolitan district	Kent	South East
211	Dartford	112,606	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Kent	South East
212	South Staffordshire	112,436	Non-metropolitan district	Staffordshire	West Midlands
213	Crawley	112,409	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	West Sussex	South East
214	Wyre	112,091	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
215	South Ribble	110,788	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
216	West Oxfordshire	110,643	Non-metropolitan district	Oxfordshire	South East
217	Worthing	110,570	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	West Sussex	South East
218	Mansfield	109,313	Non-metropolitan district	Nottinghamshire	East Midlands
219	Rugby	108,935	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Warwickshire	West Midlands
220	Scarborough	108,757	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
221	Carlisle	108,678	Non-metropolitan district, City	Cumbria	North West
222	South Derbyshire	107,261	Non-metropolitan district	Derbyshire	East Midlands
223	Gravesham	106,939	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Kent	South East
224	Darlington	106,803	Unitary authority, Borough	County Durham	North East
225	South Lakeland	105,088	Non-metropolitan district	Cumbria	North West
226	Hertsmere	104,919	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hertfordshire	East of England
227	Chesterfield	104,900	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Derbyshire	East Midlands
228	North Norfolk	104,837	Non-metropolitan district	Norfolk	East of England
229	Lichfield	104,756	Non-metropolitan district	Staffordshire	West Midlands
230	Mid Suffolk	103,895	Non-metropolitan district	Suffolk	East of England
231	Eastbourne	103,745	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	East Sussex	South East
232	North West Leicestershire	103,611	Non-metropolitan district	Leicestershire	East Midlands
233	Lewes	103,268	Non-metropolitan district	East Sussex	South East
234	Fenland	101,850	Non-metropolitan district	Cambridgeshire	East of England
235	Kettering	101,776	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Northamptonshire	East Midlands
236	Blaby	101,526	Non-metropolitan district	Leicestershire	East Midlands
237	North East Derbyshire	101,462	Non-metropolitan district	Derbyshire	East Midlands
238	Wyre Forest	101,291	Non-metropolitan district	Worcestershire	West Midlands
239	Worcester	101,222	Non-metropolitan district, City (1189)	Worcestershire	West Midlands
240	Woking	100,793	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
241	Cannock Chase	100,762	Non-metropolitan district	Staffordshire	West Midlands
242	Bromsgrove	99,881	Non-metropolitan district	Worcestershire	West Midlands
243	Spelthorne	99,844	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
244	Great Yarmouth	99,336	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Norfolk	East of England
245	Lincoln	99,299	Non-metropolitan district, City	Lincolnshire	East Midlands
246	Staffordshire Moorlands	98,435	Non-metropolitan district	Staffordshire	West Midlands
247	Allerdale	97,761	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Cumbria	North West
248	Broxbourne	97,279	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hertfordshire	East of England
249	North Devon	97,145	Non-metropolitan district	Devon	South West
250	Hart	97,073	Non-metropolitan district	Hampshire	South East
251	Watford	96,577	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hertfordshire	East of England
252	Rother	96,080	Non-metropolitan district	East Sussex	South East
253	West Lindsey	95,667	Non-metropolitan district	Lincolnshire	East Midlands
254	South Holland	95,019	Non-metropolitan district	Lincolnshire	East Midlands
254	Tewkesbury	95,019	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Gloucestershire	South West
256	Rushmoor	94,599	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hampshire	South East
257	East Northamptonshire	94,527	Non-metropolitan district	Northamptonshire	East Midlands
258	South Northamptonshire	94,490	Non-metropolitan district	Northamptonshire	East Midlands
259	Harborough	93,807	Non-metropolitan district	Leicestershire	East Midlands
260	Hartlepool	93,663	Unitary authority, Borough	County Durham	North East
261	Three Rivers	93,323	Non-metropolitan district	Hertfordshire	East of England
262	High Peak	92,666	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Derbyshire	East Midlands
263	Hastings	92,661	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	East Sussex	South East
264	Pendle	92,112	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
265	Babergh	92,036	Non-metropolitan district	Suffolk	East of England
266	Hambleton	91,594	Non-metropolitan district	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
267	Uttlesford	91,284	Non-metropolitan district	Essex	East of England
268	Selby	90,620	Non-metropolitan district	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
269	Castle Point	90,376	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Essex	East of England
270	Cotswold	89,862	Non-metropolitan district	Gloucestershire	South West
271	East Cambridgeshire	89,840	Non-metropolitan district	Cambridgeshire	East of England
272	Runnymede	89,424	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
273	Surrey Heath	89,305	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
274	Burnley	88,920	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
275	Tandridge	88,129	Non-metropolitan district	Surrey	South East
276	Stevenage	87,845	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hertfordshire	East of England
277	Rochford	87,368	Non-metropolitan district	Essex	East of England
278	Mole Valley	87,245	Non-metropolitan district	Surrey	South East
279	Harlow	87,067	Non-metropolitan district	Essex	East of England
280	South Hams	87,004	Non-metropolitan district	Devon	South West
281	Forest of Dean	86,791	Non-metropolitan district	Gloucestershire	South West
282	Daventry	85,950	Non-metropolitan district	Northamptonshire	East Midlands
283	Redditch	85,261	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Worcestershire	West Midlands
284	Gosport	84,838	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Hampshire	South East
285	Mid Devon	82,311	Non-metropolitan district	Devon	South West
286	Hyndburn	81,043	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
287	Fylde	80,780	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
288	Epsom and Ewell	80,627	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Surrey	South East
289	Bolsover	80,562	Non-metropolitan district	Derbyshire	East Midlands
290	Wellingborough	79,707	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Northamptonshire	East Midlands
291	Malvern Hills	78,698	Non-metropolitan district	Worcestershire	West Midlands
292	Brentwood	77,021	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Essex	East of England
293	Tamworth	76,696	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Staffordshire	West Midlands
294	Derbyshire Dales	72,325	Non-metropolitan district	Derbyshire	East Midlands
295	Corby	72,218	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Northamptonshire	East Midlands
296	Rossendale	71,482	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
297	Boston	70,173	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lincolnshire	East Midlands
298	Torridge	68,267	Non-metropolitan district	Devon	South West
299	Copeland	68,183	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Cumbria	North West
300	Barrow-in-Furness	67,049	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Cumbria	North West
301	North Warwickshire	65,264	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Warwickshire	West Midlands
302	Maldon	64,926	Non-metropolitan district	Essex	East of England
303	Adur	64,301	Non-metropolitan district	West Sussex	South East
304	Ribble Valley	60,888	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Lancashire	North West
305	Craven	57,142	Non-metropolitan district	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
306	Oadby and Wigston	57,015	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Leicestershire	East Midlands
307	West Devon	55,796	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Devon	South West
308	Ryedale	55,380	Non-metropolitan district	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
309	Richmondshire	53,730	Non-metropolitan district	North Yorkshire	Yorkshire and the Humber
310	Eden	53,253	Non-metropolitan district	Cumbria	North West
311	Melton	51,209	Non-metropolitan district, Borough	Leicestershire	East Midlands
312	Rutland	39,927	Unitary authority	Rutland	East Midlands
313	City of London	9,721	sui generis, City	City of London	London
314	Isles of Scilly	2,224	sui generis	Cornwall	South West

History

England has a rich and complex history that spans millennia, from its prehistoric beginnings to its role as a global power in the modern era. This history is marked by periods of invasion, conquest, and cultural transformation, each leaving a lasting impact on the country's development.

Prehistoric and Roman England

The history of England dates back to prehistoric times, with evidence of human activity as far back as 800,000 years ago. Neolithic structures like Stonehenge and Avebury provide insights into early human civilisation in the region. The Bronze Age saw the construction of various hill forts and burial mounds, indicating a society increasingly organised and hierarchical.

The Roman conquest of Britain began in AD 43 under Emperor Claudius. The Romans established Londinium (London), built extensive road networks, and constructed Hadrian's Wall in the north to defend against invasions. Roman rule lasted until the early 5th century, when Roman legions withdrew, leaving Britain vulnerable to external threats.

Anglo-Saxon Period

Following the Roman departure, the Anglo-Saxons, a group of Germanic tribes, began to settle in England. This period, spanning from the 5th to the 11th century, saw the establishment of several kingdoms, including Wessex, Mercia, and Northumbria. The conversion to Christianity began in the 7th century, significantly influenced by missionaries such as St Augustine of Canterbury.

The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, a historical record, documents the era, including notable figures like Alfred the Great, King of Wessex. Alfred successfully defended his kingdom against Viking invasions and laid the foundations for a unified England.

Norman Conquest and Medieval England

The Norman Conquest of 1066, led by William the Conqueror, was a pivotal moment in English history. The Battle of Hastings resulted in William's victory and his subsequent coronation as king. This event marked the beginning of Norman rule, which brought significant changes, including the introduction of the feudal system and the construction of iconic castles such as the Tower of London.

The medieval period saw the development of English common law and the establishment of Parliament. The Magna Carta, signed in 1215 by King John, is a landmark document that limited the powers of the monarchy and laid the groundwork for modern democracy. The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) between England and France, and the Wars of the Roses (1455-1487) between the rival houses of Lancaster and York, were defining conflicts of this era.

Tudor and Stuart Dynasties

The Tudor period (1485-1603) began with Henry VII's victory at the Battle of Bosworth Field, ending the Wars of the Roses. His son, Henry VIII, is one of England's most famous monarchs, known for his six marriages and the English Reformation, which established the Church of England and severed ties with the Roman Catholic Church.

Elizabeth I, Henry VIII's daughter, reigned during the English Renaissance, a period of cultural flourishing and exploration. The defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588 under Elizabeth's rule established England as a formidable naval power.

The Stuart period (1603-1714) began with James I, who also ruled Scotland as James VI, thus uniting the two crowns. This era was marked by religious conflict and the English Civil War (1642-1651) between Royalists and Parliamentarians. The execution of Charles I in 1649 led to the temporary establishment of the Commonwealth under Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660 with Charles II.

The Georgian and Victorian Eras

The 18th century Georgian era saw the expansion of the British Empire and significant industrial and scientific advancements. The Industrial Revolution transformed England into the world's leading industrial power, with innovations in machinery, transportation, and manufacturing.

The Victorian era (1837-1901), named after Queen Victoria, was marked by unprecedented change. The population of England grew rapidly, and the country became the world's largest empire. This period saw significant social and economic reforms, including the expansion of the franchise, improvements in working conditions, and the establishment of a public education system. The Great Exhibition of 1851 showcased England's industrial achievements.

20th Century and Modern England

The 20th century was a period of profound change and challenge for England. The First World War (1914-1918) and the Second World War (1939-1945) had significant impacts, both socially and economically. The interwar period and post-World War II era saw the decline of the British Empire and the emergence of the welfare state.

The post-war period was marked by decolonisation and the establishment of the Commonwealth. England played a central role in the formation of the United Nations and NATO. The latter half of the 20th century saw economic challenges, including the decline of traditional industries and the rise of the service sector. The late 20th century also saw significant social changes, with movements for gender equality, racial equality, and LGBTQ+ rights gaining momentum.

21st Century England

In the 21st century, England continues to be a global player in finance, culture, and technology. The country faces challenges such as economic inequality, political polarisation, and the impacts of Brexit. Despite these challenges, England remains influential, with London being a key global financial centre and a cultural hub.

England's education system, including world-renowned institutions like the University of Oxford and the University of Cambridge, continues to attract students from around the globe. The country's contributions to science, literature, and the arts remain significant.

Geography

England, the largest country within the United Kingdom, boasts a diverse and rich geography that encompasses a wide range of landscapes, from rolling hills and fertile plains to dramatic coastlines and dense urban centres. This geographical diversity has significantly influenced the country's culture, economy, and historical development.

Location and Size

England is located in the southern part of the island of Great Britain, bordered by Scotland to the north, Wales to the west, the Irish Sea to the northwest, the Celtic Sea to the southwest, the North Sea to the east, and the English Channel to the south. The country covers an area of approximately 130,279 square kilometres, making it the 77th largest country in the world and the largest within the United Kingdom.

Major Geographical Regions

England is divided into several distinct geographical regions, each with unique characteristics.

The Southeast

The Southeast of England, including Greater London, Kent, Surrey, Sussex, and Hampshire, is one of the most economically significant and densely populated areas. London, the capital city, is a global financial hub with a population of over 9 million. The region features the North Downs and the South Downs, which are rolling chalk hills offering picturesque landscapes and outdoor recreational opportunities. The Thames River, the longest river in England at 346 kilometres, flows through London and is a critical waterway for commerce and tourism.

The Southwest

The Southwest, encompassing counties like Devon, Cornwall, Somerset, and Dorset, is known for its rugged coastline, sandy beaches, and historic sites. The Jurassic Coast, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, stretches for 154 kilometres along the Dorset and East Devon coast, offering a glimpse into millions of years of Earth’s history through its cliffs and rock formations. Dartmoor and Exmoor are two significant national parks in the region, known for their moorlands and biodiversity.

East Anglia

East Anglia, comprising Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire, is characterised by its flat, low-lying terrain and extensive coastline. The Fens, a series of drained marshlands, are a notable feature of this region, providing fertile agricultural land. The Norfolk Broads, a network of rivers and lakes, is a popular destination for boating and wildlife enthusiasts.

The Midlands

The Midlands, divided into the East Midlands and West Midlands, is the industrial heartland of England. Birmingham, the second-largest city, is a major commercial and cultural centre. The region is traversed by several significant rivers, including the Severn, the longest river in the UK at 354 kilometres, and the Trent. The Peak District National Park, located in the northern part of the Midlands, features stunning landscapes of moorland and limestone valleys.

The North

Northern England, including Yorkshire, Northumberland, Cumbria, and Lancashire, is known for its dramatic landscapes and historical cities. The Pennines, often referred to as the "backbone of England," is a range of hills stretching from the Midlands to the Scottish border. The Lake District National Park in Cumbria is famous for its glacial lakes and rugged mountains, including Scafell Pike, the highest peak in England at 978 metres. Yorkshire Dales National Park offers a blend of rolling hills, river valleys, and limestone formations.

Climate

England experiences a temperate maritime climate, characterised by mild temperatures and moderate rainfall throughout the year. The average temperature ranges from about 5°C in January to 18°C in July. Rainfall is relatively evenly distributed, although the western parts of the country tend to be wetter than the east. The Lake District, for example, is one of the wettest areas in England, while East Anglia is among the driest.

Natural Resources

England's natural resources have played a crucial role in its economic development. The country has historically been rich in minerals such as coal, iron ore, and tin, which fueled the Industrial Revolution. Today, the focus has shifted towards renewable energy, with significant investments in wind and solar power. The North Sea, off the eastern coast, is an important source of oil and natural gas.

Urban and Rural Balance

England is known for its vibrant cities and charming rural areas. London, Birmingham, Manchester, and Liverpool are major urban centres that drive the country's economy and cultural life. In contrast, rural areas, such as the Cotswolds, the Yorkshire Dales, and the Norfolk Broads, offer tranquil landscapes and traditional English countryside living. These areas are vital for agriculture, tourism, and conservation.

Biodiversity and Conservation

England's varied landscapes support a rich diversity of flora and fauna. The country has numerous protected areas, including national parks, Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONBs), and nature reserves. These areas are managed to conserve wildlife and natural habitats while providing opportunities for public enjoyment and education. Notable species include red deer in the Scottish Highlands, otters in rivers and coastal areas, and a variety of bird species in wetlands and coastal regions.

Environmental Challenges

Despite its natural beauty, England faces several environmental challenges, including air and water pollution, loss of biodiversity, and the impacts of climate change. Urban areas, in particular, struggle with air quality issues due to traffic and industrial emissions. Efforts are being made to address these challenges through initiatives such as the expansion of green spaces, improvements in public transport, and policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions.

Demographics

England, the largest country in the United Kingdom, has a diverse and dynamic demographic profile. As of 2023, England's population is estimated at approximately 56 million people, making it one of the most densely populated countries in Europe. This demographic landscape is shaped by a mix of urbanisation, historical migration, and a rich cultural tapestry.

Population Distribution

England's population is unevenly distributed, with a significant concentration in urban areas. Greater London, the capital region, is the most populous area, home to over 9 million people. Other major urban centres include Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, and Newcastle. These cities are economic hubs and cultural centres, attracting a diverse range of residents.

Age Structure

The age structure of England's population reflects a typical profile of a developed country. According to the latest data:

• 0-14 years: 17% of the population
• 15-64 years: 63% of the population
• 65 years and over: 20% of the population

The ageing population is a significant demographic trend, with the proportion of elderly residents increasing. This shift has implications for healthcare, social services, and economic policies, as the government needs to address the challenges and opportunities presented by an older population.

Ethnic Diversity

England is known for its ethnic diversity, particularly in urban areas. The 2021 Census data indicates that:

• White British: 74.4%
• Other White: 5.0%
• Asian/Asian British: 10.8%
• Black/African/Caribbean/Black British: 4.3%
• Mixed/Multiple ethnic groups: 2.2%
• Other ethnic groups: 3.3%

London is the most ethnically diverse region, with a significant proportion of its population belonging to various minority ethnic groups. This diversity is also prominent in other cities like Birmingham, Leicester, and Manchester.

Language

English is the predominant language spoken in England. However, the country's linguistic landscape is enriched by the presence of over 300 languages spoken by its residents. Commonly spoken languages other than English include Polish, Punjabi, Urdu, Bengali, Gujarati, and Arabic. This linguistic diversity is a testament to the multicultural nature of English society.

Religion

Religion in England is varied, reflecting the country’s diverse population. According to the 2021 Census:

• Christianity: 59.3%
• Islam: 5.0%
• Hinduism: 1.5%
• Sikhism: 0.8%
• Judaism: 0.5%
• Buddhism: 0.5%
• Other religions: 0.4%
• No religion: 25.1%
• Religion not stated: 7.0%

Christianity remains the largest religion, but there is a growing number of people identifying with other religions or none at all. This trend reflects broader societal changes and increasing secularisation.

Migration

Migration has significantly influenced the demographic profile of England. The country has a long history of immigration, contributing to its cultural diversity. As of recent data, around 14% of England's population was born outside the UK. Key countries of origin for migrants include India, Poland, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. London, in particular, has a high proportion of foreign-born residents, adding to its cosmopolitan character.

Education and Employment

England has a well-developed education system, with high enrolment rates in primary, secondary, and higher education. The country is home to some of the world’s leading universities, including the University of Oxford, the University of Cambridge, and Imperial College London. According to recent statistics:

• Literacy rate: Approximately 99%
• Higher education enrolment: Around 50% of young adults aged 18-30

The employment landscape in England is diverse, with significant sectors including finance, healthcare, education, technology, and manufacturing. The unemployment rate as of 2023 stands at approximately 4.2%, reflecting a relatively stable labour market. However, there are regional variations, with some areas experiencing higher unemployment rates and economic challenges.

Health

The health of England’s population is monitored through various public health initiatives and the National Health Service (NHS). Key health indicators include:

• Life expectancy: 79 years for men and 83 years for women
• Infant mortality rate: 4 deaths per 1,000 live births
• Obesity rate: Approximately 28% of adults

The ageing population and lifestyle-related health issues, such as obesity and diabetes, pose challenges for the healthcare system. Efforts are being made to promote healthier lifestyles and improve healthcare access and quality.

Housing and Living Conditions

Housing in England varies widely, from historic cottages and terraced houses to modern apartments and suburban homes. The country faces a housing shortage, particularly in London and other major cities, leading to high property prices and rental costs. The government has implemented various policies to increase housing supply and improve affordability.

Regional Variations

There are notable regional variations in demographics across England. The South East and London are economically prosperous with high population densities and diverse populations. In contrast, regions like the North East and parts of the Midlands face economic challenges, including higher unemployment rates and lower average incomes.

Economy

The economy of England is one of the largest and most diverse in the world, characterised by a robust service sector, significant industrial production, and a highly skilled workforce. As of 2023, England's GDP stands at approximately £2.1 trillion, contributing significantly to the overall economy of the United Kingdom. The country's economic landscape is shaped by its rich industrial heritage, innovative technology sector, and global financial services.

Key Economic Sectors

Financial Services

London is a global financial hub, home to the London Stock Exchange, the Bank of England, and numerous multinational banks and financial institutions. The financial services sector is a cornerstone of England's economy, contributing approximately £132 billion to the GDP in 2022. Key areas include banking, insurance, asset management, and fintech. The City of London and Canary Wharf are the primary financial districts, attracting talent and investment from around the world.

Technology and Innovation

The technology sector in England is thriving, with significant hubs in London, Cambridge, and Manchester. Known as "Tech City" or "Silicon Roundabout," the area around Old Street in London is a vibrant centre for startups and tech companies. Cambridge, often referred to as "Silicon Fen," is renowned for its research and development in technology and biotechnology. The technology sector contributes around £105 billion annually to the economy and employs over 1.5 million people.

Manufacturing and Industry

Although the relative share of manufacturing in the economy has declined, it remains a vital sector. England is known for its advanced manufacturing, particularly in the automotive, aerospace, and pharmaceuticals industries. The automotive industry, with major players like Jaguar Land Rover and Nissan, is a significant employer and exporter. The aerospace sector, featuring companies like Rolls-Royce and BAE Systems, is crucial for innovation and exports. Manufacturing overall contributes around £190 billion to the GDP and employs approximately 2.7 million people.

Creative Industries

England’s creative industries, including film, music, fashion, and advertising, are globally influential. The UK film industry, centred in London and supported by studios such as Pinewood and Shepperton, is renowned for producing blockbuster movies. The music industry, with London as its epicentre, has a long history of producing internationally acclaimed artists and bands. The creative sector contributes around £116 billion to the economy and supports over 2 million jobs.

Tourism

Tourism is a significant contributor to England’s economy, generating around £106 billion annually and supporting 2.6 million jobs. London is the most visited city, attracting millions of tourists each year with its historic landmarks, museums, and cultural institutions. Other popular destinations include the Lake District, the Cotswolds, Cornwall, and historic cities like York, Bath, and Oxford. The tourism sector benefits from England's rich history, cultural heritage, and diverse landscapes.

Regional Economic Contributions

Greater London

Greater London, with a population of over 9 million, is the economic powerhouse of England. It contributes approximately £500 billion to the GDP, driven by finance, technology, media, and tourism. The city's diverse economy and status as a global city attract international investment and talent.

South East England

The South East, encompassing counties like Kent, Surrey, and Hampshire, is another economically significant region. It has a strong economy based on technology, pharmaceuticals, and financial services. The South East contributes around £316 billion to the GDP and benefits from its proximity to London.

Midlands

The West Midlands, with Birmingham as its core, is known for its manufacturing and engineering industries. The region is a significant contributor to the automotive and aerospace sectors. The East Midlands, with cities like Nottingham and Leicester, also has a strong industrial base. Combined, the Midlands contribute approximately £270 billion to the GDP.

Northern England

Northern England, including the North West, North East, and Yorkshire and the Humber, has a diverse economy. Manchester and Liverpool are key economic centres in the North West, contributing to finance, technology, and manufacturing. The North East, with cities like Newcastle and Sunderland, has a strong industrial heritage and is focusing on renewable energy and digital innovation. Yorkshire and the Humber, with cities like Leeds and Sheffield, contribute significantly to finance, manufacturing, and healthcare. Northern England collectively contributes around £500 billion to the GDP.

Employment and Workforce

England has a highly skilled and diverse workforce. As of 2023, the unemployment rate stands at approximately 4.2%, reflecting a relatively stable labour market. Key employment sectors include healthcare, education, retail, and professional services. The National Health Service (NHS) is one of the largest employers, providing healthcare services across the country.

Trade and Exports

England is a major player in global trade, with exports valued at approximately £350 billion in 2022. Key export goods include machinery, vehicles, pharmaceuticals, and aerospace products. The European Union remains a significant trading partner, although trade relationships are evolving post-Brexit. Other major trading partners include the United States, China, and Japan.

Infrastructure and Transport

England's infrastructure is well-developed, with extensive road, rail, and air networks. The country’s transport infrastructure supports economic activity and connectivity. Major airports like Heathrow, Gatwick, and Manchester facilitate international travel and trade. The high-speed rail network, including HS2 currently under construction, aims to improve connectivity between London, the Midlands, and the North.

Challenges and Opportunities

While England’s economy is strong, it faces challenges such as regional economic disparities, an ageing population, and the impacts of Brexit. Addressing these challenges requires investment in education, infrastructure, and innovation. The transition to a green economy presents both challenges and opportunities, with a growing focus on renewable energy, sustainable practices, and reducing carbon emissions.