Explore the map of New Brunswick showing counties, major roads, railroads, rivers, province capitals, shrine, county towns, major cities, airports and national parks. New Brunswick, located in eastern Canada, covers an area of approximately 28,150 square miles (73,440 square kilometers) and is bordered by Quebec, Nova Scotia, the Atlantic Ocean, and Maine. Known for its diverse geography, it includes the Appalachian Mountains and the Bay of Fundy, which boasts the world's highest tides. The province is the only officially bilingual one in Canada, reflecting its rich Acadian heritage. Major cities include Fredericton, the capital, along with Saint John and Moncton. New Brunswick's economy is supported by forestry, fishing, agriculture, and mining, making it a region of both natural beauty and economic importance.
Expore the map of New Brunswick province, it is one of the 13 provinces and territories of Canada, one of the 13 Maritime provinces and one of the 4 Atlantic provinces.
Chipewyan, Cree, English, French, Gwich'in, Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, Inuvialuktun, North Slavey, South Slavey, Tłįchǫ
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Yukon
YT
Whitehorse
June 13, 1898
42,176
474,391
8,052
482,443
English, French
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Nunavut
NU
Iqaluit
April 1, 1999
39,285
1,936,113
157,077
2,093,190
Inuinnaqtun, Inuktitut, English, French
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New Brunswick
New Brunswick, one of Canada's Maritime provinces, is located in the eastern part of the country. It spans approximately 28,150 square miles (73,440 square kilometers) and is bordered by Quebec to the north, Nova Scotia to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the southeast, and the U.S. state of Maine to the west. The province is characterized by its diverse geography, rich history, and cultural heritage.
Geography and Natural Features
New Brunswick’s topography includes a mix of rolling hills, fertile valleys, and extensive forests, with the Appalachian Mountains extending into the northern part of the province. The province's landscape is also marked by numerous rivers, the most significant of which is the Saint John River. This river flows from the northwestern part of the province to the Bay of Fundy, playing a crucial role in the local ecosystem and economy.
The Bay of Fundy, located along New Brunswick’s southern coast, is renowned for having the highest tides in the world, which can reach up to 52 feet (16 meters). This natural phenomenon creates unique ecological conditions, supporting diverse marine life and attracting tourists from around the globe. The province also boasts several national parks, such as Fundy National Park and Kouchibouguac National Park, which protect significant natural landscapes and provide recreational opportunities.
Climate
New Brunswick has a humid continental climate, with cold winters and warm summers. The province experiences a significant amount of precipitation throughout the year, supporting its lush forests and vibrant agriculture. The variation in climate between the coast and inland areas contributes to the province’s diverse flora and fauna.
Population and Major Cities
As of the latest estimates, New Brunswick has a population of approximately 780,000 people. The province is officially bilingual, with both English and French being widely spoken. This bilingualism is a reflection of the province’s history and its significant Acadian community.
The capital city of Fredericton, located in the west-central part of the province along the Saint John River, is known for its rich cultural scene and historic architecture. Saint John, the largest city in New Brunswick, is a major industrial center with a significant port that plays a vital role in the province’s economy. Moncton, another major city, is a hub for transportation and commerce, offering a range of services and amenities.
Economy
New Brunswick’s economy is diverse, with key industries including forestry, fishing, mining, agriculture, and manufacturing. The forestry industry has been a cornerstone of the provincial economy for centuries, with lumber and paper products being major exports. The fishing industry is also vital, particularly in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of St. Lawrence, where lobster, scallops, and various finfish are harvested.
Agriculture in New Brunswick is varied, with dairy farming, potato farming, and fruit cultivation being prominent. The province is also home to a growing information technology sector, which has been bolstered by investments in education and research institutions.
Education and Culture
New Brunswick has a long-standing commitment to education, with several universities and colleges, including the University of New Brunswick, which was established in 1785 and is one of the oldest public universities in North America. These institutions contribute to the province’s research and development capabilities and support various sectors of the economy.
Culturally, New Brunswick is known for its rich heritage and vibrant arts scene. The province hosts numerous festivals and events celebrating its diverse cultural background, including the Acadian Festival and the Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival. The Acadian community, descendants of the original French settlers, has a significant cultural presence, particularly in the northeastern part of the province.
Transportation and Infrastructure
New Brunswick is well-connected by a network of highways, railways, and ports. The Trans-Canada Highway traverses the province, linking it to other parts of Canada. The ports in Saint John and Belledune facilitate significant maritime trade, while airports in Fredericton, Saint John, and Moncton provide air connectivity to major cities in Canada and the United States.
History
New Brunswick, one of Canada's Maritime provinces, has a rich history marked by indigenous cultures, European exploration, colonization, and significant contributions to the country's development. This content delves into the province's historical timeline, highlighting key events, figures, and facts that have shaped New Brunswick's identity.
Indigenous Heritage
Before European contact, the area now known as New Brunswick was inhabited by various Indigenous peoples, primarily the Mi'kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy. These groups had established complex societies with rich traditions, languages, and trading networks. They lived in harmony with the land, relying on hunting, fishing, and gathering for sustenance. The rivers and forests of New Brunswick were integral to their way of life.
Early European Exploration and Settlement
The first recorded European to explore the region was Jacques Cartier, a French explorer who arrived in the early 1530s. However, it wasn't until the early 1600s that French settlers, led by Samuel de Champlain, began to establish permanent settlements in the area. Champlain founded the settlement of Port Royal (now in Nova Scotia) in 1604, which served as a base for further exploration.
In 1631, Charles de Saint-Étienne de La Tour established Fort La Tour near present-day Saint John, marking one of the first permanent European settlements in New Brunswick. These early French settlers, known as Acadians, developed a unique culture and community in the region.
British Conquest and the Acadian Expulsion
The struggle for control of the region between the French and British culminated in the mid-18th century during the Seven Years' War. In 1755, the British began the expulsion of the Acadians, forcibly removing thousands of French settlers from the region. This event, known as the Great Upheaval or Le Grand Dérangement, had a profound impact on the population and culture of New Brunswick.
Despite the expulsion, some Acadians managed to evade capture and resettle in remote areas of New Brunswick, contributing to the province's enduring Acadian heritage. Today, the Acadian community remains a vibrant and integral part of New Brunswick's cultural fabric.
Formation of New Brunswick
Following the American Revolution, a significant influx of Loyalists—colonists who remained loyal to the British Crown—migrated to the region. In 1784, to accommodate the growing population and political needs of the Loyalists, the British government divided the colony of Nova Scotia, creating the separate colony of New Brunswick. Thomas Carleton was appointed the first governor of New Brunswick, and Fredericton was designated as the capital.
Economic Development and Confederation
Throughout the 19th century, New Brunswick's economy expanded, driven by the timber trade, shipbuilding, and later, the development of railways. The province's extensive forests provided the raw materials for a booming timber industry, while its strategic location and abundant natural resources supported shipbuilding.
In 1867, New Brunswick became one of the four original provinces to join the Canadian Confederation, alongside Ontario, Quebec, and Nova Scotia. This union aimed to strengthen economic ties and provide mutual defense, marking a significant milestone in the province's history.
Industrialization and Modern Era
The late 19th and early 20th centuries saw continued economic growth and diversification. New Brunswick's industries expanded to include manufacturing, mining, and agriculture. The construction of the Intercolonial Railway further integrated the province into the national economy.
During the mid-20th century, New Brunswick faced economic challenges, including outmigration and the decline of traditional industries. However, efforts to modernize the economy and invest in new sectors, such as information technology and services, have helped to revitalize the province.
Cultural and Educational Institutions
New Brunswick has a rich cultural heritage, reflected in its numerous festivals, museums, and historical sites. The University of New Brunswick, established in 1785, is one of North America's oldest public universities and remains a leading institution for higher education and research.
The New Brunswick Museum, founded in 1842 in Saint John, is Canada's oldest continuing museum and offers extensive exhibits on natural history, art, and the province's heritage. The province also hosts several annual events, such as the Acadian Festival and the Harvest Jazz & Blues Festival, celebrating its diverse cultural traditions.
Modern New Brunswick
Today, New Brunswick is known for its scenic landscapes, bilingual population, and economic resilience. It continues to celebrate its rich history through preservation efforts and cultural initiatives. The province's economy is supported by a mix of traditional industries like forestry and fishing, as well as emerging sectors such as information technology and cybersecurity.
Geography
New Brunswick, one of Canada’s eastern provinces, boasts a diverse and scenic geography that significantly shapes its identity and way of life. This content explores the province’s geographical features, including its landforms, waterways, climate, natural resources, and ecosystems, providing a comprehensive understanding of New Brunswick's physical landscape.
Landforms
New Brunswick covers approximately 28,150 square miles (73,440 square kilometers), making it one of the smaller Canadian provinces by area. The province is characterized by a varied topography that includes mountains, valleys, forests, and coastal regions.
Appalachian Mountains
The northern and northwestern parts of New Brunswick are dominated by the Appalachian Mountains, which extend into the province from the United States. The highest peak in New Brunswick is Mount Carleton, which rises to 2,690 feet (820 meters) above sea level and is located in Mount Carleton Provincial Park. This region is known for its rugged terrain, dense forests, and outdoor recreational opportunities.
Saint John River Valley
One of the most significant geographical features in New Brunswick is the Saint John River Valley, which runs from the northwestern border with Maine to the Bay of Fundy in the south. The Saint John River, often referred to as the "Rhine of North America," is the longest river in the province, stretching over 400 miles (650 kilometers). The river valley is known for its fertile soil, making it an important agricultural area.
Waterways
New Brunswick's extensive network of rivers and lakes plays a crucial role in its geography and economy. In addition to the Saint John River, several other major rivers traverse the province, including the Restigouche, Miramichi, and Petitcodiac Rivers.
Bay of Fundy
The Bay of Fundy, along the province’s southern coast, is renowned for having the highest tides in the world, which can reach up to 52 feet (16 meters). This dramatic tidal range creates unique coastal landscapes and supports a rich marine ecosystem. The Bay of Fundy is also a popular destination for whale watching, with several species of whales frequenting its waters.
Gulf of St. Lawrence
The northeastern coast of New Brunswick borders the Gulf of St. Lawrence, which is a crucial waterway for shipping and fishing. The Gulf’s warm, shallow waters are home to diverse marine life, making it an important area for the province’s fishing industry.
Climate
New Brunswick has a humid continental climate, characterized by four distinct seasons. The province experiences cold winters with significant snowfall and warm summers with moderate to high humidity.
Winter: Temperatures can drop below freezing, with coastal areas being milder than the inland regions. Snowfall is common, especially in the northern and central parts of the province.
Summer: Temperatures typically range from 70°F to 80°F (21°C to 27°C), with coastal areas benefiting from cooling sea breezes.
Spring and Fall: These transitional seasons bring milder temperatures and colorful foliage, particularly in the fall, when the forests display vibrant hues of red, orange, and yellow.
Natural Resources
New Brunswick’s diverse geography supports a wealth of natural resources, which have been integral to its economy for centuries.
Forests
Forests cover over 80% of New Brunswick's land area, making forestry a key industry. The province's forests are a mix of hardwood and softwood species, including maple, birch, spruce, and fir. The forestry industry produces lumber, pulp, and paper products, and is a major employer in the region.
Minerals
New Brunswick is rich in mineral resources, including zinc, lead, copper, and potash. The province's mining sector has historically been an important economic driver, with major mining operations located in areas such as Sussex and Bathurst. Potash mining, in particular, is significant, with New Brunswick being one of the world’s largest producers.
Agriculture
The fertile valleys, particularly in the Saint John River Valley, support a vibrant agricultural sector. New Brunswick is known for its high-quality potatoes, dairy farming, and fruit production. The province’s agricultural products are important both for local consumption and export.
Ecosystems
New Brunswick’s varied landscapes support a wide range of ecosystems and wildlife. The province's forests, rivers, and coastal areas provide habitats for numerous plant and animal species.
Wildlife
Common wildlife in New Brunswick includes moose, black bears, white-tailed deer, and a variety of bird species. The province’s rivers and coastal waters are home to fish species such as salmon, trout, and lobster. The Bay of Fundy is also a crucial habitat for marine mammals, including several species of whales.
Protected Areas
New Brunswick has several national and provincial parks that protect its natural heritage and provide recreational opportunities. Notable parks include Fundy National Park, Kouchibouguac National Park, and Mount Carleton Provincial Park. These protected areas preserve the province’s unique landscapes and support biodiversity.
Demographics
New Brunswick, a Maritime province in eastern Canada, has a diverse demographic landscape that reflects its rich history and cultural heritage. This content provides an in-depth look at the demographics of New Brunswick, focusing on population statistics, language, ethnicity, age distribution, education, and economic factors.
Population Statistics
As of the latest estimates, New Brunswick has a population of approximately 780,000 people. The province’s population density is relatively low, with about 27.6 people per square mile (10.7 people per square kilometer). The capital city, Fredericton, is home to around 60,000 residents, while the largest city, Saint John, has a population of about 70,000. Moncton, another major urban center, has a population of approximately 85,000.
Language
New Brunswick is the only officially bilingual province in Canada, with both English and French recognized as official languages. According to recent census data:
English Speakers: Approximately 65% of the population speaks English as their first language.
French Speakers: Around 32% of the population speaks French as their first language, primarily within the Acadian community.
Bilingual Population: A significant portion of the population is bilingual, with many residents fluent in both English and French.
Ethnicity
New Brunswick’s ethnic composition is diverse, reflecting its history of Indigenous presence and European colonization. Key ethnic groups include:
Acadian: Descendants of the original French settlers, the Acadian community is a significant cultural group in New Brunswick, particularly in the northeastern part of the province.
Anglophone: English-speaking residents of various European descents, including British, Irish, and Scottish.
Indigenous Peoples: The Mi’kmaq, Maliseet, and Passamaquoddy are the primary Indigenous groups, with a history dating back thousands of years.
Other Ethnic Groups: New Brunswick is also home to smaller communities of German, Dutch, Lebanese, and Chinese descent, among others.
Age Distribution
New Brunswick has an aging population, a common trend in many parts of Canada. The age distribution is as follows:
0-14 Years: Approximately 14% of the population.
15-64 Years: Around 64% of the population, comprising the working-age group.
65 Years and Older: About 22% of the population, reflecting a higher proportion of elderly residents compared to the national average.
Education
Education in New Brunswick is administered by both Anglophone and Francophone school districts, providing instruction in both official languages. The province is home to several notable institutions of higher learning:
University of New Brunswick (UNB): With campuses in Fredericton and Saint John, UNB is one of the oldest public universities in North America, offering a wide range of undergraduate and graduate programs.
Mount Allison University: Located in Sackville, it is known for its strong liberal arts programs and high academic standards.
St. Thomas University: Based in Fredericton, it focuses on liberal arts education and social work programs.
Community Colleges: New Brunswick Community College (NBCC) and Collège communautaire du Nouveau-Brunswick (CCNB) provide vocational training and education across various fields, supporting the local workforce.
Economic Factors
New Brunswick’s economy is diverse, with key industries including forestry, fishing, mining, agriculture, and manufacturing. The province also has a growing information technology sector and a strong public service sector. Key economic indicators include:
Unemployment Rate: As of the latest data, the unemployment rate in New Brunswick is around 8%, which is higher than the national average.
Median Household Income: The median household income is approximately CAD 60,000, which is slightly below the national average.
Poverty Rate: About 15% of the population lives below the poverty line, with higher rates in rural areas compared to urban centers.
Urban vs. Rural Distribution
New Brunswick has a mix of urban and rural communities. Approximately 51% of the population lives in urban areas, while the remaining 49% reside in rural regions. The largest urban centers are Fredericton, Saint John, and Moncton, which serve as economic and cultural hubs.
Health and Well-being
Health services in New Brunswick are provided by two regional health authorities: Horizon Health Network and Vitalité Health Network. The province faces challenges related to its aging population, including higher incidences of chronic diseases and a growing need for healthcare services. Life expectancy in New Brunswick is approximately 81 years, slightly below the national average.
